The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1040 page)

 
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(Heb., ‘five’, = Gk., ‘Pentateuch’). First five books of the Hebrew
Bible
.

 
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Hun
.

Constituent element in Chinese anthropology, one of two non-corporeal elements to make up the living human being (the other being
p’o
). The two must interact harmoniously for life to continue; when they separate, death ensues.
For their destiny after death, see
SHEN
.

 
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Hung-chih Cheng-chüeh
(Jap., Wanshi Sh
gaku
;

1091–1157).
Chinese Ch’an/Zen master of the
S
t
school who clarified the distinction from
Rinzai
Zen, in argument with his contemporary, Ta-hui Tsung-kao. Where Ta-hui advocated the way of
k
an
, Hung-chih valued more highly the way of silent illumination (
mo-chao ch’an
; Jap., mokush
zen), and responded to Ta-hui in a brilliant work of only 288 characters,
Mo-chao ming/Mokushomei
, (The Seal of Silent Illumination). Ta-hui attacked this as false Zen (
jazen
). Hung-chih rejected Ta-hui's method as k
an-gazing Zen,
k’an-hua ch’an/kanna zen
, and the terms
mokush
zen
and
kanna zen
now designate the sides in this division; but the division is not absolute, and remains one of emphasis and of different understanding of the status of k
an and of
satori
(enlightenment).