The Cold War: A MILITARY History (79 page)

Hungary: as Soviet satellite, 4, 7; ethnic Germans in, 6; Communist government in, 7; in 1946–7 peace settlement, 9; 1956 rising and Soviet invasion, 26, 37, 56, 57–9; in Warsaw Pact, 55; Soviet troops withdraw from (1990), 67; airborne troops, 256; air force in, 315–16; admits East German emigrants, 345; in Warsaw Pact attack plans, 361

Hydra, Project (USA), 115–16

Iceland: and Nordic pact, 14; membership of NATO, 20; and ‘Cod War’, 37; and Soviet naval activities, 178–9

Iceland-Faroes gap, 178–80

India: nuclear testing, 80–1; aircraft carrier, 205

Indo-China: French war in, 9, 34, 168, 282;
see also
Vietnam

infantry: mobility, 275–81; organization and weaponry, 280–1

initial nuclear radiation (INR), 75

Inner German Border (IGB), 231, 248, 256, 359

intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs): German World War II, 84; carry H-bombs, 87; basing and launch systems, 89, 102–9, 366–7; US programme, 95–8; Soviet development, 98–102; counter-measures against, 103–4; Chinese, 146; and nuclear balance, 159–60; in US nuclear strategy, 364

intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs), 40 & n, 44, 139–40

intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF): deployed in Europe, 30, 40; 1987 Treaty, 31, 41, 43–4

International Military Staff (NATO), 32

International Relief Organization, 6

ionization of atmosphere, 76

Iran: buys British tanks, 269

Iraq: in Gulf War, 289n

Ireland, Republic of: and formation of NATO, 22

iron curtain, 4, 231;
see also
Inner German Border

Israel: Egypt attacks (1973), 29, 319–20; in Suez crisis (1956), 58; in Six-Day War (1967), 178;
see also
Palestine

Italy: Communist Party in, 8–9; reparations, 9; membership of NATO, 20; joins Brussels Treaty, 26; navy, 170; submarines, 195; aircraft carrier, 205; surface ships allocated to France (1948), 215; battleships, 217; airborne troops, 242; battle tanks, 265n, 266n; aircraft, 308–9; battlefield nuclear weapons in, 350; artillery, 437

Japan: war with Russia (1904–5), 175n; carrier-borne air attacks on (1942), 199n;
see also
Hiroshima; Nagasaki; Tokyo

Jaruzelski, General Wojciech, 29, 63–4

Jaujard, Vice-Admiral Robert, 12, 392

JIGSAW studies on effects of nuclear warfare, 368–70, 372–3, 375

Johnson Island (Pacific), 76n

Johnson, Lyndon B.: visits Berlin, 342

jungle: effects of nuclear weapons in, 363n

Jupiter missile, 96

Kádár, János, 58

Kahn, Herman, 383

Kania, Stanis
ł
aw, 63

Karelia, 9

Katyn Forest massacre (1940), 62

Kennedy, John F.: assassination, 27; in Berlin, 27; proposes Multi-Lateral Force, 116; cancels Skybolt, 131; and Berlin crisis, 342; and battlefield nuclear weapons, 355

Khrushchev, Nikita: and US spy-plane incident, 27; fall (1964), 27; de-Stalinization, 57, 65; and Polish unrest, 62; Hoxha resists, 65; cuts surface fleet, 212; proposes West Berlin as ‘Free City’, 340

Konev, General Ivan S., 343

Korea: Communists in, 10

Korean War (1950–3): outbreak, 25, 47, 267; aircraft carriers in, 197; minefields, 220; amphibious landings, 223; massed Chinese infantry in, 257n; tank warfare in, 258, 267; aircraft in, 303; missiles in, 352

Krenz, Egon, 345

Kroger spy ring, 178

Kulikov, Marshal V. G., 63

Kuznetzov, Admiral N. M., 177

landing craft
see
amphibious warfare

Lange, Halvard, 14

Lattre de Tassigny, General Jean de, 12–13, 392

Latvia: independence (1991), 67

Lebanon: US Marines in, 225

Lemnitzer, Major-General Lyman L., 12, 39

Lend-Lease agreement, 16

Levi, Barbara G. (and others): ‘Civilian Casualties from “Limited” Nuclear Attacks on the USSR’, 442n

Libya: US air strikes on, 210

Linebacker II, Operation, 135

Lithuania: independence (1990), 67

London: World War II missile attacks on, 82, 83

Long Island
(US fleet escort), 209

Luxembourg: in Benelux, 10–11; in Brussels Treaty, 11; army, 234; air force, 299

Maclean, Donald, 18n

McNamara, Robert, 365

Malaya: ‘emergency’ in, 9–10

Maniu, Iuliu, 8

Manoeuvrable Re-entry Vehicle (MaRV), 92

marines
see
amphibious warfare

Marras, General Efisio, 20

Marshall, General George: and Nordic pact, 15; and European defence system, 17–18; retires, 19

Marshall Plan: 1947 Conference (Paris), 7; France opposes, 8

Masaryk, Jan, 7

Mediterranean: and NATO command structure, 47, 49, 51; NATO navies in, 168, 170; Soviet fleet in, 178–9; aircraft carriers in, 198

Michael, King of Romania, 65

Midway
(US carrier), 111

Miko
ł
ajczyk, Stanislaw, 7

Mikoyan, Anastas, 58

Mildenhall, Suffolk, England, 300

mine warfare and minesweepers: in NATO, 219–22; World War II numbers and damage, 432

Minuteman missile, 97–8, 106, 108–9

Missile, Experimental (MX) programme (USA), 98

missiles
see
ballistic missiles; cruise missiles

Mitterrand, François: supports French nuclear weapons, 36; and use of tactical nuclear weapons, 357; and reduction of nuclear forces, 384

Moldova: independence (1991), 67

Moltke, Helmuth von, the younger, 326

Mönchengladbach, 238, 297

Montgomery, Field Marshal Bernard Law, 12–13, 47, 392

Moscow: as ‘withhold’, 87n, 90; as target, 364

Mountbatten, Admiral Louis, 1st Earl, 49–50

Multi-Lateral Force (MLF), 116–17

Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA), 307, 309–10

multiple independently-targeted re-entry vehicles (MIRVs), 92, 98, 101, 112, 119, 141

Multiple Protective Structures (MPSs), 106–7

multiple re-entry vehicles (MRVs), 92, 140–1

Multiple Rocket-Launcher System, 247

Munich Agreement (1938), 59, 61

Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions (MBFR), 28–30

Mutual Defense Assistance Program (MDAP), 195, 216, 221, 270

Mutually Assured Destruction policy (MAD), 365

Nagasaki, 72, 75, 80–1, 124, 136, 363, 373–4

Nagy, Imre, 57

Nautilus
(US submarine), 185

Navaho cruise missile, 95–6

navies: and command of sea, 163; NATO, 163–73, 425; forces and commands, 172–3; Warsaw Pact, 174–83, 425; surface ships, 208–18;
see also
aircraft carriers; battleships; mine warfare and minesweepers; submarines

Netherlands: in Benelux, 10–11; in Brussels Treaty, 11; navy, 170; aircraft carrier, 205; commando group, 227; army, 234; mobilization, 244; logistical problems, 246; and refugee problem, 246; deployment of forces, 248; armoured infantry fighting vehicles, 277, 279; air force and aircraft, 299, 308–9; battlefield nuclear weapons in, 350

neutron bomb
see
enhanced-radiation warhead

Nicholson, Major Arthur, 344

Nixon, Richard, 135

Nordic pact, 13–15

Norstadt, General Lauris, 338

North Atlantic Assembly, 31

North Atlantic Council: early meetings, 25; and NATO recommendations, 32; France and, 35; on Hungarian uprising, 37; and Czech crisis (1968), 39

North Atlantic Treaty: agreed, 10, 13, 18; signed (1949), 22; text, 394–7

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): formation and membership, 17–24, 31–2; military strength, 22; forward-defence policy, 25, 237; organization and structure, 25, 31–2, 45–53, 296–8; ‘Athens Guidelines’ (on use of nuclear weapons), 27; France withdraws from command structure, 27, 33–6, 50, 168, 236; moves HQs from France, 27, 34–5; strategic policy, 27–8; publishes reports on balance of power, 29; consultations and procedures, 31–2; and end of Cold War, 31; Defence College, Rome, 35; and Hungarian rising, 37; and Czech crisis (1968), 38–40; and Soviet SS-20 missile deployment, 40–3; long-range tactical nuclear force (LRTNF), 42; aims, 45; US influence in, 45–6; commands, 46–51, 238–40, 296–8; regional planning groups, 46; telecommunications systems, 51–3; and formation of Warsaw Pact, 54–5; non-intervention in eastern Europe, 66–7; control of MLF, 117; civil defence, 153–4; navies, 163–73, 425; mine warfare (1950s), 219–22; European land forces (Central Region), 231–5; European defence strategy and forces, 237–49, 358–9, 375–6; and ‘flexible response’, 237, 365; airborne forces, 241–3; mobilization, 243–6, 323, 325, 327; logistics and communications, 246–8; Refugee Agency, 246; deployment of forces, 248; battle tanks, 265–72, 435; field artillery, 283; air forces, 295–301; Airborne Early Warning Force (NAEWF), 296; equipment standardization, 295; fighter and attack aircraft, 302–11; as defensive alliance, 319; warning and alert systems against surprise attacks, 319–25; battlefield nuclear weapons (tactical), 349–55, 357, 383–5; financing, 379; appointments and office holders, 402–4; mine countermeasures programme, 433–4

Northern Group of Forces (Soviet; NFG), 252–3

Norway: and Nordic pact, 13–15; Soviet threat to, 17–18; membership of NATO, 19–21; civil defence, 153; sea supplies to, 163; navy, 170–1; and Soviet fleet activities, 178–80; submarines, 195; US Marine Corps reinforces, 225; aircraft, 308–9

Novorossiysk
(Soviet battleship), 177, 217

nuclear war: pre-emptive attacks, 78–9; effects, 362–78, 387, 441–2; fear of, 383–4, 387; speculations on outbreak of, 385–7

nuclear weapons: NATO use of, 27; Catholic Church on, 36 & n; tactical battlefield (guns and missiles), 42, 86, 348–57, 383–4, 386, 438–40; and Warsaw Pact, 57; effects of explosions, 71–82, 367–8; testing and first uses, 80–2, 405; deterrent effect, 84–6, 387; strategy and planning, 84–8; types of attack and targets, 88–91, 354–5, 364, 366–7; in UK, 136–41; in France, 141–4; in China, 144–8; balance and measurement of, 155–60; availability, 156–7; reliability, 157–8; aircraft-carrier-borne, 199–200; safety measures, 355; use and effect of, 355–7; in Warsaw Pact attack plans, 362; voluntary destruction of, 384

Oahu, Hawaii, 76n

Ostpolitik
(policy), 28

Palestine: under British mandate, 16–17;
see also
Israel

Papadopoulos, Colonel Georgios, 37

paratroop units
see
airborne troops

Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963), 81

Pavlovsky, General I. G., 39

Peacekeeper (MX) missile, 98, 105, 108, 115

Pershing missile, 30, 42–4, 94

Pétain, Marshal Henri Philippe, 33

Petkov, Nikola, 6

Poland: ethnic Germans in, 6; Communist government in, 7; 1970 German Treaty, 28; Solidarity trade-union movement, 29; in Warsaw Pact, 55; naval shipbuilding, 56, 182–3, 226; riots (1956), 57–8, 62, 67; crisis of 1980–1, 62–4; navy, 181–3; amphibious capability, 226; Warsaw Pact forces in, 252–3; military forces, 253–4; airborne troops, 256; armoured personnel carriers, 279; air force and aircraft, 308, 315–16; and Warsaw Pact attack plan, 361–2

Polaris submarine missile system, 111–12, 114–16, 139–41, 200, 206, 364

Portugal: and membership of NATO, 21; 1974 coup, 37; navy, 171; submarines, 195; amphibious forces, 227; airborne troops, 242

Poseidon submarine missile system, 112, 114, 141, 158

Potsdam Conference (1945), 3, 6

Poznán, Poland, 57–8, 62, 67

‘Prague Spring’ (1968), 59

pre-emptive attacks (nuclear), 78–9

Project E, 137–8, 140

Queuille, Henri, 21

Quick Reaction Alert (QRA; bomber aircraft), 133

Raborn, Rear-Admiral William, 111, 113

radiation
see
residual nuclear radiation; thermal radiation

Rákosi, Mátyás, 57–8

Ramadier, Paul, 21

Ramstein, Germany, 51, 297, 335

ranks (military), 401

re-entry vehicles (RVs), 92–3

Reagan, Ronald: presidency (1981), 30; and deterrence, 84; and B-1B bomber, 127; and battleships, 218; strengthens Marine Corps, 224; and resort to war, 386

refugees (‘displaced persons’), 5–6, 9, 246

Regulus cruise-missile, 111, 113, 191

residual nuclear radiation (fallout), 75–6, 80–1

Resolution
(UK submarine), 140–1

Reykjavik: Reagan-Gorbachev meeting (1986), 30

Rheindahlen, Germany, 238

Rickover, Admiral Hyman, 165 & n, 185

Rigel missile, 111

Robb, Air Chief Marshal Sir James, 12, 392

Rokossovsky, Marshal Konstantin, 54, 62

Roman Catholic Church: supports nuclear deterrence, 36; anti-Communism in eastern Europe, 67

Romania: as Soviet satellite, 4; Communist government in, 7–8, 65; 1946–7 peace settlement, 9; troop levels, 31; in Warsaw Pact, 55, 66; breach with USSR, 65–6; in World War II, 65; military resources, 66; 1989 collapse, 67; navy, 181, 183; airborne troops, 256

Rome: NATO Defence College, 35

Royal Air Force (Germany) (UK), 299–300

Royal Observer Corps (UK), 152 & n

Rozhdestvensky, Admiral Zinovy P., 175

Rügen island (Baltic), 63, 64n

Rusk, Dean, 65

Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 175n

San Juan
(US submarine), 186

Sarajevo: 1914 assassination, 326

satellites: and NATO communications, 52; and navigation systems, 112; monitoring of enemy movements, 123

Sazan naval base, Albania, 65, 181

Scandinavia: and potential Soviet threat, 13

Schlieffen Plan, 326

Schmidt, Helmut, 42

Scorpion
(US submarine), 186

Seawolf
(US submarine), 185

self-propelled guns, 282–5

silos, 103–6

Single Integrated Operation Plan (SIOP), 364–6

single-shot kill probability (SSKP), 158–9

Sirte, Gulf of (Libya), 210

Six-Day War (1967), 178

Snark pilotless bomber, 95

Sokolovskiy, Marshal V. D., 85, 206, 255, 320, 331, 347

Soviet Military Power
: first issued (1981), 29

Soviet Naval Infantry, 226–7

Soviet navy: submarine missile systems and strategy, 117–23, 158, 178, 206–7, 213, 411–12; submarine types and classes, 117, 119–21, 206, 409–10; development and strength, 164, 166, 174–7, 213, 425; activities and exercises, 177–81; battleships, 177, 217; nuclear submarines, 187–8, 429; diesel-electric submarines, 191–3, 430; aircraft carriers, 196, 204–5; anti-carrier warfare, 206–7; surface warships, 212–13; amphibious landings, 223; manning, 324