The Challenge for Africa (39 page)

3
  “Peace and Reconciliation,” Green Belt Movement website,
www.greenbeltmovement.org/c.php?id=18
(accessed September 2008).

4
  “Kenya Tourism Down in Wake of Election Violence,” Associated Press, July 30, 2008.

5
  Jim Onyango, “Kenya: Spending on Police, Teachers Pushes Budget to SH760 Billion,”
Business Daily Africa
, June 11, 2008.

1
  The story is told in John Carlin, “How Nelson Mandela Won the Rugby World Cup,”
Daily Telegraph
(UK), October 19, 2007; and Karen Bond, “Mandela Unites a Nation to RWC Glory,” Rugby News Service, July 9, 2007.

1
  GEO 4, p. 208.

2
  
Africa: Atlas of Our Changing Environment
, UNEP, 2008; for details, see “Glacial Retreat to Rapid Urbanization Chronicled in Landmark Satellite Report to Africa's Environment Ministers,” UNEP press release, June 10, 2008.

3
  Charlayne Hunter-Gault, “Land Ownership Elusive for South Africa's Poor,”
All Things Considered
, August 7, 2006.

4
  “Government Warns Namibia's White Farmers,”
The Namibian
, February 20, 2008.

5
  “White Farmers Under Siege in Zimbabwe,” BBC News, August 15, 2002.

6
  See Otsieno Namwaya, “Who Owns Kenya?”
East African Standard
, October 1, 2004; Clemence Manyukwe, “Judge Allocated Farm After ‘Special Duties,’”
Financial Gazette
, June 12, 2008; and the discussion regarding South Africa at
www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/worldhaveyoursay/2007/10/whose_land_it_is_anyway.html
(accessed September 2008).

7
  GEO 4, p. 196.

8
  Ibid., p. 210.

9
  Regional report of Working Group II, UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007.

10
  GEO 4, p. 210.

11
  F. N. Tubiello and G. Fischer, “Reducing Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture: Global and Regional Effects of Mitigation, 2000-2080,”
Technological Forecasting and Social Change
, 2007.

12
  See “Renewed Focus on the Importance of Agricultural Extension Services,”
African Agriculture
, May 4, 2008,
http://africanagriculture.blogspot.com/
(accessed September 2008).

13
  
International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development
,
www.agassessment.org
, April 2008.

14
  Ernest Harsch, “Agriculture: Africa's ‘Engine for Growth’: Small-scale Farmers Hold the Key, Says NEPAD Plan,”
Africa Recovery
17:4 (January 2004).

1
  Zeddy Sambu, “Power Suppliers Eye Thermal Sources to Bridge Deficit,”
Business Daily Africa
, April 1, 2008.

2
  Mwaniki Wahome, “As Power Shortage Looms, KenGen Looks to Old Dams,”
Daily Nation
(Kenya), August 28, 2008.

3
  “Ethiopia: Deforestation and Monoculture Plantations Behind the Fires,” World Rainforest Movement, Bulletin no. 55, February 2002.

4  GEO 4, p. 203.

5
  
State of the World's Forests 2007
, UNFAO, 2007.

6
  
Africa: Atlas of Our Changing Environment
, UNEP, 2008.

7
  GEO 4, p. 205-13; see also Sonja van Renssen, “Climate Change ‘Will Set Kalahari Dunes in Motion,’”
SciDev.net
, June 30, 2005,
www.scidev.net/en/news/climate-change-will-set-kalahari-dunes-in-motion.html
(accessed September 2008).

8
  GEO 4, pp. 196-213.

9
  Edward Miguel, Shankar Satyanath, and Ernest Sergenti,“Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict: An Instrumental Variables Approach,”
Journal of Political Economy
112:112 (2004).

10
  GEO 4, p. 201.

11
  Ibid., p. 209.

12
  Abraham McLaughlin and Christian Allen Purefoy, “Hunger Is Spreading in Africa,”
Christian Science Monitor
, August 1, 2005.

13
  “‘Pace of Desertification Doubled Since 1970 s, U.N. Says,’” Africa Conservation Forums, June 16, 2004,
www.africanconservation.org/cgibin/dcforum/dcboard.cgi?az=read_count&om=7&forum=DCForumID33
(accessed September 2008).

14
  GEO 4, p. 212.

15
  “Valuation of Ecological Services and Natural Capital,” in “Phytotechnologies,” United Nations Environment Programme, Freshwater Management Series no. 7,
www.unep.or.jp/Ietc/Publications/Freshwater/FMS7/n.asp
(accessed September 2008).

16
  “Valuing Ecosystem Services,” in World Resources, 1998-99, World Resources Institute,
http://earthtrends.wri.org/features/view_feature.php?fid=15 &theme=5
(accessed September 2008).

17
  “The Value of the World's Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital,” University of Vermont,
www.uvm.edu/giee/publications/Nature_Paper.pdf
(accessed September 2008).

18
  
Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: Synthesis, 2005
, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005.

19
  GEO 4, p. 202.

20
  “Clean Energy Investments Charge Forward Despite Financial Market Turmoil,” UNEP press release, June 2008.

21
  “Algeria Aims to Export Power—Solar Power,” CBS News, August 11, 2007.

22
  Alok Jha, “Solar Power from Saharan Sun Could Provide Europe's Electricity, Says EU,”
The Guardian
, July 23, 2008.

23
  “Algeria Plans to Develop Solar Power for Export,” Reuters, June 19, 2007.

Biodiversity, weather, and climate:
“Congo Basin Forest Partnership,” USAID Sub-Saharan Africa; Alison L. Hoare, “Clouds on the Horizon: The Congo Basin's Forests and Climate Change,” Rainforest Foundation, February 2007; “Congo River Basin, A Reservoir of Biodiversity Threatened with Extinction,” IRIN, February 15, 2005; “Congo Basin Forest Fund: Why a Fund Is Needed,” see
www.cbf-fund.org
; “The Forests of the Congo Basin: A Preliminary Assessment,” USAID/CARPE [Commission des Forets D'Afrique Centrale], 2005.

World Bank and businesses involved in the Congo Basin:
Rory Carroll, “Multinationals in Scramble for Congo's Wealth,”
The Guardian
, October 22, 2002, citing
Final Report of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
(New York: United Nations Security Council, S/2003/1027, October 2003); “Forests in Post-Conflict DRC: Analysis of a Priority Agenda,” Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Centre International de Recherche Agronimique pour le Développement (CIRAD), World Bank, et al., 2007; William Wallis and Dino Mahtani, “World Bank Admits Congo Omissions,”
Financial Times
, December 6, 2007; Robin Heighway-Bury, “Deforestation and Double Standards,” Bret-ton Woods Project, October 5, 2007; Andrew W. Mitchell, Katherine Secoy, and Niki Mardas, “Forests First in the Fight Against Climate Change: The VivoCarbon Initiative,” Global Canopy Programme, June 2007; Erik Reed and Marta Miranda, “Assessment of the Mining Sector and Infrastructure Development in the Congo Basin Region,” WWF, January 2007; “Carving Up the Congo,” Greenpeace, April 11, 2007.

Politics, gorillas, bushmeat, and charcoal industry:
Sharon Begley, “Slaughter in the Jungle,” and “Congo's Gorilla Tragedy,”
News week
, August 6, 2007; also CIFOR/CIRAD, above; Keya Acharya, “Rainforest Coalition Proposes Rewards for ‘Avoided Deforestation,’” Environmental News Network, August 15, 2007.

1
  GEO 4, p. 208.

2
  “Major Ebola Outbreak in DR Congo,” BBC News, September 12, 2007; “Ebola Information,” Wildlife Conservation Society,
www.wcs.org/sw-high_tech_tools/wildlifehealthscience/fvp/167620
(accessed September 2008).

1
  See Helen Epstein, “The Hidden Causes of AIDS,”
New York Review of Books
, May 9, 2002.

2
  Gumisai Mutume, “Workers' Remittances: A Boon to Development,”
Africa Renewal
19:19 (October 2005).

3
  “Migration and Development Brief 5: Revisions to Remittance Trends 2007,” Development Prospects Group, Migration and Remittances Team, World Bank, July 10, 2008.

4
  See “Remittances to Africa Overtakes Foreign Direct Investment,” UN press release, December 7, 2005.

5
  Batonga Foundation,
www.batongafoundation.org
; George Weah,
www.tlcafrica.com/weah.htm
; Ayaan Hirsi Ali,
ayaanhirsiali.org
.

6
  Lydia Polgreen, “Trees and Crops Reclaim Desert in Niger,”
International Herald Tribune
, February 11, 2007.

7
  Peter Greste, “Lesotho Gardens Relieve Food Crisis,” BBC News, June 3, 2008.

8
  See Ashden International Award Winners, 2008,
www.ashdenawards.org/international_winners_2008
(accessed September 2008).

9
  See
www.wanep.org
.

10
  See Stephanie McCrummen, “Rangers Battle Odds to Save Rare Gorillas,”
Sydney Morning Herald
, August 13, 2007; and Ndesanjo Macha, “Conservation 2.0: Congo Park Rangers Bring Global Attention to Endangered African Wildlife,” Global Voices Online, May 16, 2007,
www.globalvoicesonline.org/2007/05/16
(accessed September 2008).

11
  Hammerskjoeld Simwinga, Feliciano dos Santos, Kpanan'Ayoung Siakor: all winners of the Goldman Environmental Prize,
www.goldmanprize.org
.

12
  Dekha Ibrahim Abdi, winner of the Right Livelihood Award,
www.rightlivelihood.org/abdi.html
(accessed September 2008).

13
  Rachel J. King, “Four African Freedom Activists Honored: Recipients Chosen for Efforts to Establish, Improve Democracy in Africa,”
America.gov
, June 28, 2006.

14
  See
www.tac.org.za/community
.

15
  See
www.tegla.org
.

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