The Battle of Poitiers 1356 (19 page)

16
Barber,
Edward
, 119; Sumption,
Hundred Years War
, ii, 181-4; Emerson,
Black Prince
, 94, 97-8; Hewitt,
Black Prince’s Expedition
, 69, 76; J.M. Touneur-Aumont,
La bataille de Poitiers
(
1356
)
et la construction de la France
, Paris, 1940, 65. Delachenal,
Charles V
, i, 127-8.

17
Clifford J. Rogers, ‘Edward III and the Dialectics of Strategy’,
TRHS
, 6th ser., 4 (1994), 100-1.

18
Robert of Avesbury, De gestis mirabilis regis Edwardi tertii, ed. E.M. Thompson, 1889, 445-7; R. Barber, ed.,
Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince
, Woodbridge, 1986, 53.

19
Françoise Lehoux, Jean de France, duc de Berri. Sa vie. Son action politique (1340-1416), Paris, 1966, i, 57; Pierre-Clément Timbal, La Guerre de Cent Ans vue à travers les registres du Parlement, 1337-1369, Paris, 1961, 108-9.

Chapter Two: Winter/Spring 1355-6 Defence and Preparation

1
Sumption,
Hundred Years War
, ii, 190.

2
See K. Fowler, ‘Letters and Dispatches of the Fourteenth Century’,
Guerre et société en France, en Angleterre et en Bourgogne XIVe-XVe siècles
, ed. Philippe Contamine, Charles Giry-Deloison et Maurice Keen, Lille, 1991, 77-8, 80, nn. 69-76; A.K. McHardy, ‘Some Reflections on Edward III’s Use of Propaganda’,
The Age of Edward III
, ed. J. Bothwell, Woodbridge, 2001, 171-92.

3
C61/68/4; C66/68/4; 24 Oct. 1356,
BPR
, iv, 192; John of Reading,
Chronica Johannis de Reading et Anonymi
Cantuarensis 1346-1367, ed. James Tait, Manchester, 1914, 120; Avesbury, 437, 439.

4
Register of John de Trillek, Bishop of Hereford
(A.D. 1344-1361) ed. Joseph H. Parry, Hereford, 1910-12, 242; Jean Froissart,
Oeuvres
, ed. K. de Lettenhove, Brussels, 1867-77, xviii, 389-92;
Chronicle of London from 1089 to 1483
, ed. E. Tyrrell and N.H. Nicolas, London, 1827, 204-8; Delachenal,
Charles V
, ii, 381-4;
Life and Campaigns
, ed. Barber, 57-9.

5
Froissart,
Oeuvres
, ed. Lettenhove, v, 528-9;
Chartulary of Winchester Cathedral
, ed. A.W. Goodman, Winchester, 1927, 159-61, no. 370, 162-4, no. 371; Fowler, ‘Letters and Dispatches’, 77-8; Delachenal,
Charles V
, i, 205-6; Hewitt,
Black Prince’s Expedition
, 79.

6
7 Feb. 1356, Rymer, III, i, 322; Henxteworth ff. 13, 21, 25.

7
15, 26 Mar. 1356,
BPR
, iii, 224, 225; Rymer, III, i, 315; Hewitt,
Black Prince’s Expedition
, 21.

8
C61/70/4; 71/7; Burne,
Crécy War
, 276; Barber,
Edward
, 129-30; Emerson,
Black Prince
, 102; Capra, ‘Le séjour du Prince Noir’, 245.

9
Nicholas Wright,
Knights and Peasants. The Hundred Years War in the French Countryside
, Woodbridge, 1998, 34-5.

10
Sumption,
Hundred Years War
, ii, 193.

Chapter Three: The Campaign of 1356

1
PRO E36/278/88;
BPR
, iv, 145; Rymer, III, i, 325, 333; Fowler,
King’s Lieutenant
, 153-5.

2
Barber,
Edward
, 131-2; Hewitt, Black Prince’s Expedition, 102.

3
Delachenal,
Charles V
, i, 192-7; Robert Hardy, ‘The Longbow’,
Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War
, ed. A. Curry and M. Hughes, Woodbridge, 1994, 163; P.J. Morgan,
War and Society in Medieval Cheshire
, 1277-1403, Manchester, 1987,111, 113.

4
On French military recruitment and organization see Philippe Contamine,
Guerre, état et société à la fin du moyen âge. Études sur les armées des rois de France, 1337-1494
, Paris, 1972, 26-64.

5
Denifle,
La désolation
, ii, 112-21; Fowler,
King’s Lieutenant
, 154; Emerson,
Black Prince
, 108-9.

6
Letter to the mayor, aldermen and commons of London, 22 October,
Life and Campaigns
, ed. Barber, 57.

7
Jean Froissart,
Chroniques
, ed. S. Luce, (SHF), Paris, 1870-, v, 414-16; Delachenal,
Charles V
, i, 190, 225-6; Barber,
Edward
, 134, 136-7; Burne,
Crécy War
, 276-8; Hewitt,
Black Prince’s Expedition
, 104, 107-9; Labarge,
Gascony
, 139-41.

Chapter Four: The Battle of Poitiers

1
Chronique de règnes de Jean II et de Charles V
, ed. R. Delachenal (SHF), Paris, 1910, 72.

2
Life and Campaigns
, ed. Barber, 58.

3
Le Baker, Chronicon, 147; Rogers,
War Cruel and Sharp
, 379 and n. 160.

4
Hewitt,
Black Prince’s Expedition
, 121; Delachenal,
Charles V
, i, 222 and n. 3. It may well be the case that only about half of Orléans’ soldiers departed with him although a number of the survivors from earlier attacks joined him, Rogers,
War Cruel and Sharp
, 380.

5
The fall of a standard indicated defeat on the battlefield both in reality and iconographically as in the Breslau Froissart manuscript: Laurence Harf-Lancner, ‘The Illustration of Book 1 of Froissart’s Chroniques’,
Froissart Across the Genres
, ed. Donald Maddox and Sara-Sturm-Maddox, Gainesville, 1998, 238.

6
Froissart’s Chronicles
, ed. and trans. J. Jolliffe, London, 1967, 175; Froissart,
Oeuvres
, ed. Lettenhove, v, 461, 463.

7
The maps are based on 3615 IGN (No. 1727 E. Poitiers -4- Série Bleue). The positioning of the hedge and ditch and the extent of the wood and marsh/es are conjectural.

8
Clifford J. Rogers ed.,
The Wars of Edward III: Sources and Interpretations
, Woodbridge, 1999, 163-4; Froissart,
Oeuvres
, ed. Lettenhove, xviii, 385-7;
Life and Campaigns
, ed. Barber, 57-9.

9
Wars of Edward III
, ed. Rogers, 165-6.

10
Life and Campaigns
, ed. Barber, 75-6.

11
Froissart: Chronicles
, ed. and trans. Brereton, 128; Froissart,
Chroniques
, ed. Luce, v, 21-2.

12
Contamine,
Guerre, état et société
, 45, 175. It was not the only such attack on the French aristocracy, see BL Cotton Caligula D III f. 33; Froissart,
Oeuvres
, ed. Lettenhove, xviii, 388.

13
Delachenal,
Charles V
, i, 220. N.B. according to Le Baker, Chronicon, 151, French crossbows at Poitiers did considerable damage.

14
M. Bennett, ‘The Development of Battle Tactics in the Hundred Years War’,
Arms, Armies and Fortifications
ed. Curry and Hughes, 7-9 and n. 18.

Chapter Five: Aftermath

1
For what follows see C. Given-Wilson and F. Beriac, ‘Edward III’s Prisoners of War: The Battle of Poitiers and its Context’,
EHR
, cxvi (2001), 802-33; Given-Wilson, Royal Household, 87.

2
D’A.J.D. Boulton,
The Knights of the Crown. The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe 1325-1520
, 2nd ed., Woodbridge, 2000, 96-166 (on the Garter), 167-210 (on the Star) esp. 191-3. See also Hugh Collins,
The Order of the Garter, 1348-1461: Chivalry and Politics in Late Medieval England
, Oxford, 2000. For Mauron see Le Baker, Chronicon, 120: he states only 45 were captured or killed. Walter Bentley and Robert Knolles commanded the English forces.

3
Anonimalle Chronicle, 40-1; Froissart,
Chroniques
, ed. Luce, v, 82-3.

4
Wright,
Knights and Peasants
, 51.

5
Rymer, III, ii, 1; A.R. Myers ed.,
English Historical Documents
, iv, 1327-1485, London, 1969, 103-8.

Conclusion: Poitiers, the Black Prince and his Military Retinue

1
Froissart,
Chroniques
, ed. Luce, v, 42.

2
Nigel Saul,
Death, Art and Memory in Medieval England. The Cobham Family and their Monuments, 1300-1500
, Oxford, 2001, 160.

3
Saul,
Death, Art and Memory
, 149-68.

4
Froissart,
Chroniques
, ed. Luce, v, 60.

5
Matteo Villani,
Historia Universalis
, ed. L.A. Muratori, 1729, 419.

6
Jean Favier,
La Guerre de Cent Ans
, Paris, 1980, 212.

7
Anne Curry, ‘Richard II and the War with France’,
The Reign of Richard II
, ed. Gwilym Dodd, Stroud, 2000, 35. For the conception of the Hundred Years War as a war of three treaties see Anne Curry, The
Hundred Years War
, Houndmills, 1993, 152-5.