The Autoimmune Connection: Essential Information for Women on Diagnosis, Treatment, and Getting On With Your Life (60 page)

A (adenine),
9

AARDA.
See
American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association (AARDA)

Abatacept (Orencia),
41
,
51

A1C,
210

Accutane (isotretinoin),
157
,
158

ACE inhibitors.
See
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

Acetylcholine (ACh),
322
,
323

Acetylcholine receptor (AChR),
322
,
324

Acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies,
328
,
340

ACh.
See
Acetylcholine (ACh)

AChR.
See
Acetylcholine receptor (AChR)

AChR antibodies.
See
Acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies

Acitretin (Soriatane),
157–59

aCLs.
See
Anticardiolipin antibodies (aCLs)

Actemra (tocilizumab),
10
,
40
,
51
,
256

ACTH.
See
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Actigall,
409
.
See also
Ursodiol

Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT),
356

Actonel (risedronate),
58
,
220
,
269
,
282
,
433

Acupuncture,
46

Adalimumab (Humira),
39
,
40
,
253
,
266
,
395

Adaptive immune system,
4

Adcirca,
140

Addison’s disease,
223–29

ACTH,
223–24
,
225

cause,
224

diagnosis,
225–26

laboratory tests,
225–26

menstruation,
228–29

pregnancy,
228–29

symptoms,
224–25

treatment,
226–27

Adhesion molecules,
291

Adhesions,
428

Adrenal glands,
221
,
222
,
223
,
225

Adrenal insufficiency,
225
.
See also
Addison’s disease

Adrenaline,
221
,
224

Adrenocortical autoantibodies,
224

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),
223–24
,
225

Adult-onset diabetes,
196
,
197

Advagraf,
335

Advil,
36

AF.
See
Atrial fibrillation (AF)

Affordable Care Act (ACA),
443–45
,
474

Afrezza,
207

Afterword,
461–63

Agranulocytosis,
112

AIH.
See
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)

AIH clusters,
398

Alanine aminotransferase,
406

Aldosterone,
223

Alefacept (Amevive),
157
,
214

Alemtuzumab (Lemtrada),
306–7

Alendronate (Fosamax)

celiac disease,
282

diabetes,
220

endometriosis,
433

lupus,
95

rheumatoid arthritis (RA),
58

ulcerative colitis (UC),
269

Alequel,
256

Aleve,
36

Alkaline phosphatase,
408

Allergic rhinitis,
275

Alopecia areata,
68
,
160–66

alopecia totalis/universalis,
162

anthralin,
164

cause,
160–61

corticosteroids,
165

cortisone injections,
163

diagnosis,
162–63

exclamation point hairs,
162

minoxidil,
163–64

photochemotherapy,
165

symptoms,
161–62

topical sensitizers,
165

treatment,
163–66

warning signs,
160

wigs,
166

Alopecia totalis,
162

Alopecia universalis,
162

Alora,
404

Alpha 4 integrin inhibitors,
304

Alpha4beta7,
267

ALS.
See
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Alternative therapies.
See
Complementary and alternative (CAM) therapies

Aluminum hydroxide,
111

Alveolitis,
133
,
141

Alzheimer’s disease,
123

Amantadine,
307

AMAs.
See
Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)

Ambenonium (Mytelase),
332

Ambien (zolpidem),
342

Amenorrhea,
215
,
402

American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association (AARDA),
465

American Diabetes Association Complete Guide to Diabetes,
208

Amevive (alefacept),
157
,
214

Aminosalicylates,
264–65

Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) drugs,
251–52
,
264–65

Amitriptyline (Elavil),
111
,
308
,
424
,
436

Amlodipine (Norvasc),
139

Ampicillin,
254
,
337
,
379

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS),
342

ANA.
See
Antinuclear antibody (ANA)

Anakinra (Kineret),
40
,
51
,
452

Anaphylaxis,
275

Anaprox,
36

Anastomosis,
256

ANCA.
See
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)

ANCA-associated vasculitis,
380

Androgens,
14
,
15

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis,
111

lupus,
67

Sjögren’s syndrome,
175
,
183

type 1 diabetes,
223

Anemia,
67

Angiogenesis,
85

Angioplasty,
386

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors,
141
,
147
,
210

Anifrolumab,
81

Ankylosing spondylitis,
257
,
262

Anthralin,
156
,
164

Anti-AChR antibodies,
328

Anti-AChR receptors,
323

Anti-beta2glycoprotein I (anti-β2GPI),
73
,
349
,
350
,
356

Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCPs),
16
,
32

Anti-D,
371
,
372

Anti-DGP.
See
Deamidated gliadin peptide antibodies (anti-DGP)

Anti-dsDNA antibodies,
71
,
72

Anti-endometrial antibodies,
430

Anti-gliadin peptide tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTG),
273

Anti-LC-1.
See
Anti-liver cytosol type 1 antibody (anti-LC-1)

Anti-liver cytosol type 1 antibody (anti-LC-1),
397

Anti-liver microsomal antibody type 1 (anti-LKM-1),
394

Anti-LKM-1.
See
Anti-liver microsomal antibody type 1 (anti-LKM-1)

Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMAs),
406
,
409

Anti-MuSK myasthenia gravis,
342

Anti-RNA polymerase III antibodies,
135

Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
250

Anti-Scl 70 antibodies,
135

Anti-Smith antibodies (anti-SM),
73

Anti-SSA/Ro antibodies,
72–73
,
180

Anti-SSB/La antibodies,
72–73
,
180

Anti-striational muscle antibodies (StrAbs),
328

Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody immunoglobulin A (tTG IgA),
277

Anti-topoisomerase I antibodies,
135

Antibodies,
4–5

Anticardiolipin antibodies (aCLs),
73
,
350
,
355

Anticentromere antibodies,
135

Anticholinergic agents,
308

Anticholinesterase drugs,
331

Anticoagulants,
80
,
456

Antiendomysium antibodies (EMA),
273
,
277

Antigen,
4

Antigen presenting cells (APCs),
5
,
198

Antigliadin antibodies,
276–77

Antimalarials,
79

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA),
380
,
385

Antinuclear antibody (ANA),
4

autoimmune hepatitis (AIH),
394
,
397

endometriosis,
430

interstitial cystitis (IC),
435

lupus,
65
,
72

rheumatoid arthritis (RA),
33

scleroderma,
135

Sjögren’s syndrome,
180

Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs),
16
,
73
,
190
,
350
,
355

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS),
190
,
347–62

APS clusters,
358

cause,
350–51

diagnosis,
354–57

female factor,
357

fertility,
360–61

first-person account (Elaine),
351–52
,
357

first-person account (Margaret),
347–48

laboratory tests,
355–57

menopause and beyond,
360–61

pregnancy,
360–61

symptoms,
352–54

treatment,
358–60

warning signs,
349

Antiplatelet antibodies,
364

Antithyroid drugs,
111–12

APCs.
See
Antigen presenting cells (APCs)

APDS.
See
Artificial pancreas device system (APDS)

Aphthous ulcer,
245

Apidra,
206

aPLs.
See
Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs)

Apoptosis,
66

Apremilast (Otezla),
157

APRIL,
81

Apriso,
251

APS

antiphospholipid syndrome.
See
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)

autoimmune polyglandular syndrome,
227–28

APS clusters,
358

aPTT.
See
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)

Aquoral,
187

Aralen (chloroquine),
79

Arava,
39
,
49

Arend, William P.,
24
,
25

Aricept (donepezil),
311

Armodafinil (Nuvigil),
308

Arthritis,
22
.
See also
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Arthritis Center,
468

Arthritis mutilans,
152

Arthrogryposis,
338

Arthroplasty,
44

Artificial Pancreas Consortium,
213

Artificial pancreas device system (APDS),
212–13

Artificial sweeteners,
209

Asacol,
251
,
252

Aseptic meningitis,
371

Aslera,
80

Assistance Fund,
475

Astagraf XL,
335

ASTIS trial.
See
Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation International Scleroderma (ASTIS) trial

Astroglide,
191

Atabrine (quinacrine),
79

Atacicept,
81

Atarax (hydroxyzine),
436

Atenolol (Tenormin),
114

Atherosclerosis,
55

Atorvastatin (Lipitor),
379

Atrial fibrillation (AF),
105
,
123

Atrioventricular (AV) node,
89

Atrophic glossitis,
283

Atrophic vaginitis,
233

ATryn,
85

Aubagio (Teriflunomide),
305–6

Autoantibodies,
16

Autoantigen,
6

Autoimmune Connection, The
(Baron-Faust),
17–18

Autoimmune disease (female-to-male ratios),
11

Autoimmune disease centers,
467–74

Autoimmune endocrine disorders,
221–33

Addison’s disease,
223–29

endocrine system,
221–23

hypoparathyroidism,
229–31

primary ovarian insufficiency (POI),
231–33

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH),
393–405

AIH clusters,
398

cause,
393–95

diagnosis,
396–98

female factor,
398–99

fertility,
402

first-person account (Hannah),
391
,
395–96
,
399
,
403

IAIHG 17-point scoring system,
397–98

laboratory tests,
396–98

menopause and beyond,
404–5

menstruation,
402

pregnancy,
402–3

treatment,
399–401

warning signs,
394

Autoimmune hypoparathyroidism,
229

Autoimmune ovarian insufficiency,
231–33

Autoimmune skin disorders.
See
Scleroderma and autoimmune skin disorders

Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation International Scleroderma (ASTIS) trial,
142–43

Autonomic nervous system,
173

Autoreactive T cell,
6

Avenova,
185

Avonex,
302
,
314
,
452

Aygestin,
433

Azathioprine (Imuran)

autoimmune hepatitis (AIH),
400
,
402