The Angel (44 page)

Langotsky, Yossi. “The Truth about the ‘Special Means.'”
Haaretz
, December 20, 2005.

Lippman, Thomas. “The Arab Organization for Industry Signs Secret Agreements with France and Britain for Joint Production of Modern Weaponry.”
Maariv
, September 11, 1978.

Margalit, Dan. “Supplement of Supplements.” Israel Television Channel 1, September 23–24, 2004.

Melman, Yossi. “It Doesn't Sound Like the Ashraf Marwan I Know.”
Haaretz
, July 6, 2007.

. “What Is Known about the Mysterious Death of Ashraf Marwan, the Agent Who Warned Israel of the Yom Kippur War.”
Haaretz
, May 28, 2010.

Mohammad, Zara. “Reliving a Piece of History.”
Egypt Daily News
, September 22, 2006.

Nkrumah, Gamal. “Sami Sharaf: Shadows of the Revolution,”
Al-Ahram Weekly
, August 9–15, 2001.

Parkin, Simon. “Who Killed the 20th Century's Greatest Spy?”
Guardian
, September 15, 2015. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/15/who-killed-20th-centurys-greatest-spy-ashraf-marwan. Accessed January 20, 2016.

Private Eye
. “An Egyptian Riddle.” August 4, 2010.

Shane, Scott. “A Spy's Motivation: For Love of Another Country.”
New York Times
, April 20, 2008.

Syal, Rajiv. “‘Double Agent' Billionaire's Death in Fall from Balcony Was Murder, Says Friend.”
Sunday Times
, October 13, 2007.

. “Evidence Missing in ‘Spy' Death-Fall Mystery.”
Sunday
Times Online
, August 29, 2007.

. “Missing Memoirs Fuel Spy Death Mystery.”
Sunday Times
, August 13, 2007.

Time
. “A Preemptive Purge in Cairo.” May 24, 1971.

. “Interview with Moshe Dayan.” July 30, 1973.

. “Sadat in the Saddle.” May 31, 1971.

. “The Underrated Heir.” May 17, 1971.

Yugoslav Survey
. “Sekretarijat za informacije.” 1976.

Zeevi, Nadav. “The Betrayed: Senior Mossad and MI Officials Talk for the First Time about the Handling and Abandonment of Ashraf Marwan, Israel's Number One Agent.”
Maariv
(Israel), December 28, 2007.

Documents

Israel. Commission of Inquiry—Yom Kippur War.
Additional Interim Report: Reasoning and Addenda for the Interim Report of April 1, 1974
, vol. 1, Jerusalem, 1974.

Israel. Commission of Inquiry—Yom Kippur War.
Additional Partial Report: Justifications
and Additions to the Partial Report of 9 Nissan 5734
(January 4, 1974), vol. 1., Jerusalem, 1974.

Israel. IDF Military Intelligence, Branch 6.
Intelligence Survey 15/73
. January 24, 1973.

Israel. IDF Military Intelligence.
Intelligence Summary from Operation Dovecote
. December 17, 1972.

Israel. Prime Minister's Office. Meeting with the Prime Minister, October 7, 1973, 1450 hours (recorded by Mr. Eli Mizrahi). National Archive. http://www.archives.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/0FC0ABE9-C023-466D-9B65-2502586EE0AF/0/yk7_10_1450.pdf. Accessed January 20, 2016.

Israel. Prime Minister's Office. Meeting with the Prime Minister, October 7, 1973, 2350 hours (recorded by Eli Mizrahi). National Archive. http://www.archives.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/FD8B4764-23C7-4D0B-8466-EA5FDB1C507B/0/yk7_10_2350.pdf. Accessed January 20, 2016.

Israel. Prime Minister's Office. Meeting with the Prime Minister, October 8, 1973, 1950 hours.
Report of M-G Bar-Lev and Minister Alon after Surveying the Front
(recorded by Eli Mizrahi). National Archive. http://www.archives.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/A6A68F84-86A8-488D-8A3C-216644051639/0/yk8_10_1950.pdf. Accessed January 20, 2016.

Israel. Prime Minister's Office. Summary of Consultations with the Prime Minister, October 6, 1973, 8:05 (recorded by Eli Mizrahi). National Archive. http://www.archives.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/66FC5A72-27F7-41A6-9969-7ED71A097F57/0/yk6_10_0805.pdf. Accessed January 20, 2016.

Israel. Ruling of arbitration, before Justice (ret.) Theodor Orr. Plaintiff: Eliahu (Eli) Zeira, represented by Adv. B. Mozer et al.; v. Defendant: Zvi Zamir, represented by Adv. Danziger, Klegsbald et al. Tel Aviv: March 25, 2007.

United Kingdom.
A Report on the Proposed Merger, Lonrho Limited and House of Fraser Limited, Presented to Parliament in Pursuance of Section 83 of the Fair Trading Act 1973
. London: Her Majesty's Printing Office, December 9, 1981.

United Kingdom. Statement of Member of Parliament Charles Wardle. London: June 4, 1997, http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1997/jun/04/dti-inquiries#column_318. Accessed January 20, 2016.

United States. “Memorandum of Conversation between: Mr. Ismail Fahmy, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Dr. Ashraf Marwan, Presidential Secretary for Foreign Contacts, and Dr. Henry Kissinger, Secretary of State and Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, and Mr. Peter W. Rodman, NSC Staff, August 13, 1974, Madison Room, 8th Floor, Department of State.” National Security Archives, Washington, DC.

Unpublished Sources

Blum, Howard. “The Double Agent Who Fooled Israel,” early draft of “Another Operative Is Outed—But in Israel This Time,”
Los Angeles Times
, October 5, 2003.

Telephone conversation between Ahron Bregman and Ashraf Marwan, October 14, 2003, in Dr. Bregman's private collection.

Telephone conversation between Ahron Bregman and Ashraf Marwan, May 7, 2005. Dr. Bregman's private collection.

Telephone conversation between Ahron Bregman and Ashraf Marwan, October 6, 2006. Dr. Bregman's private collection.

Tzoref, Hagai. “The Director of the Mossad, Zvi Zamir, and Israel's Leadership During the War of Yom Kippur” (an unpublished paper).

Zeevi, Nadav. Life of an Agent (unpublished manuscript in Hebrew).

Interviews
(partial list)

Adan, Avraham “Bren,” Ramat Hasharon, October 28, 2010.

Bandman, Yonah, Tel Aviv, August 17, 1998.

Blackhurst, Chris, London, June 27, 2010.

Blum, Howard, private electronic correspondence, 2003–2007.

Bower, Tom, London, June 28, 2010.

Bregman, Dr. Ahron. Private electronic correspondence with June 28, 2010.

Eini, Freddy, Kfar Shmaryahu, Israel, July 22, 2008; August 14, 2009.

Gera, Gideon, Tel Aviv, May 3, 2010.

Gilboa, Amos, Tel Aviv, July 20, 2008.

Halevy, Efraim, Tel Aviv, March 21, 2011.

Levran Aharon, Kfar Saba, March 8, 1999.

Meir, Meir, Holon, Israel, June 25, 2008; August 19, 2009.

Navot, Menahem “Nahik,” Ramat Hasharon, Israel, February 8, 2010.

Orr, Ori, Beit Yanai, Israel, October 14, 2009.

Porat, Yehuda, Shefayim, Israel, July 25, 1998.

Rosenfeld, Yaacov, Tel Aviv, September 14, 1998.

Shalev, Arieh, Tel Aviv, August 27, 1998.

Shalev, Avner, Neve Magen, Israel, May 4, 1999; October 29, 1999.

Shimon, Shamir, Tel Aviv, December 31, 2009.

Zamir, Zvi, Tel Aviv, August 13, 1998, August 19, 1998; Rishon Lezion, Israel, July 8, 2008, September 1, 2009; Tel Aviv, August 7, 2013, April 18, 2014.

The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader's search tools.

Abrabanel, Shlomo Cohen, 48–49

Abramovich, Roman, 282

Abu Za'abel, 41–42

Adham, Kamal, 98, 134–39, 143, 152, 202, 246, 247, 250, 261

Admoni, Nahum, 218

Africa

 regime in Rhodesia, 271, 273

 Soviet influence in, 250–52

Agranat Commission, 196, 198, 224, 325

air superiority, Israeli

 Egypt and, 111–16

 Egypt's war aims and, 153, 154, 155, 165

 Sadat's concern over, 57

 in Six-Day War, 51

 in War of Attrition, 56

aircraft/missiles

 A-4 Skyhawk, 112, 114

 antiaircraft batteries, 56, 112–13, 114, 165, 177, 178, 184–88

 Egypt's need for attack aircraft, 115–18

 Egypt's purchase of French attack aircraft, 116–18, 144, 149

 F-4 Phantoms, 108, 112, 114, 115, 117

 French Mirage fighters, 112, 116–17, 118

 French Mirage fighters from Libya, 149, 165, 174, 177, 257, 261

 Hawker Hunters, 165

 Kelt missiles, 103, 104, 105, 107, 114, 115, 177, 214

 MiG-17s, 116

 MiG-21s, 51, 56, 177

 MiG-23s, 115

 SA-2 and SA-3 missiles, 56, 113, 165

 SA-6 batteries, 153, 165, 177, 178

 SA-7 Strela missiles, 165, 184–87

 Sadat's missile threats, 240–41

 Sagger missiles, 177, 240

 Scud missiles, 103, 114, 115, 159, 174, 221, 240

 Sukhoi Su-7s, 116

 Sukhoi Su-17s, 116, 159, 165

 surface-to-air batteries, 153, 165, 166

 surface-to-air missiles, 56, 113, 165, 177

 surface-to-surface missiles, 103, 114, 174, 177

 Tupolev Tu-16 bombers, 103, 105, 114, 177, 214, 233

Akhbar al-Youm
newspaper, 260, 267

Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies, 324

Al-Ahram
newspaper, 2, 12, 18, 19, 20, 86, 200, 289, 295, 300, 308, 315

Al-Akhbar
newspaper, 260, 262

Al-Azhar University, 3, 7

Al-Fayyad clan, 7

Al-Qaeda, 27

Al-Shaab
newspaper, 144

Ali, Muhammad, 12

Allied Arab Bank, 271

Allon, Yigal, 45, 105, 160

Amer, Abdel Hakim, 11, 15–16, 84

American University, Cairo, 10, 13

Ames, Aldrich, 28

Amin, Mustafa and Ali, 261

Amit, Meir, 35, 44–45, 46, 47, 51, 60

Angleton, James Jesus, 37, 38, 90

Arab affairs, Marwan's handling of, 246–47

Arab boycott, 253

Arab-Israeli conflict, 34, 78, 246–47

Arab-Israeli War, 1948, 35–36, 44, 60

Arab-Israeli War, 1973.
See
Yom Kippur War

Arab Oil Company, 135

Arab Organization for Industrialization (AOI), 254, 256–60

Arab Socialist Union, 85

Arab society, shame in, 319–20

Arafat, Yasser, 78

Assad, Hafez al-, 156, 166, 168, 169, 178, 244

Ayoub, Sam, 253

Azmi, Zakaria, 2

Baghdady, Ali Mustafa, 112

Bandman, Yonah, 121–22, 123, 164, 170, 173, 222–23

Bar-Lev, Chaim, 45, 47, 74, 105, 109, 131, 160, 162, 236

Bar-Lev Line, 55, 109, 177, 264

Begin, Menachem, 140

Ben Barka, Mehdi, 47

Ben-Gurion, David, 47, 76

Ben-Porat, Yoel, 193, 291

Bergman, Ronen, 292–93, 310, 316

biological weapons, 41

Black, Ian, 290

Black September group, 78, 184–88

Blackhurst, Chris, 279–80

Blair, Tony, 298

Blue-White Alert, 172–73, 176

Blum, Howard, 150, 205, 293–94, 310, 314–15, 316

Boghdadi, Abdel Latif, 201

Boumediene, Houari, 244

Bousseir, Salah, 182

Bower, Tom, 281

Brandt, Willy, 101–2

Braun, Arieh, 219

Bregman, Ahron, 4, 289, 294–95, 306–7, 310, 311, 314, 315, 316

Brezhnev, Leonid, 103, 104, 107, 168

British intelligence, 38, 49, 150, 151, 320

Brunei, sultan of, 276, 277, 278, 279

BusinessWeek
, 259

Cairo University, 9, 13, 21, 22

Cambridge Five, 27

Camp David, 140

Camp David Accords, 111, 259, 265

Canongate Books, 308

Carter, Jimmy, 140

Center for Strategic Studies, 12

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

 CIA agent as Soviet spy, 28

 congressional oversight of, 250, 251

 and Egypt's preparations for war, 161

 Kamal's close ties with, 135–36

 KGB's depiction of Marwan as spy for, 248–49, 252

 Marwan and, 150

 in May 1971 conspiracy against Sadat, 90

 Mossad's intelligence reports to, 107–9

 and Syrian deployments, 191

 working with spies, 37–38

chemical weapons, 41

Chirac, Jacques, 275

Coca-Cola Corporation, 253

Colby, William, 248

Cold War

 American-Israeli interests and, 110–11

 Kissinger and, 152

 Nasser's death and, 79

 spying at height of, 28, 29

concert parties, 274

Corrective Revolution of May 1971, 80, 88–91, 100, 109, 145, 155, 252, 322

Dagan, Meir, 316–17

Dankner, Amnon, 290–91

Dassault, Marcel, 144, 257, 258

Dayagi, Yoav, 64, 65, 66–69, 70, 74

Dayan, Moshe, 36, 44, 48, 57, 105

 and Egypt's war preparations, 159–60, 161, 171, 172, 173, 176

 on Marwan's contributions, 121

 and Marwan's reports, 74, 131, 132

 and Suez Canal issue, 57

 and Syrian deployments, 190

 warnings and war, 199, 205, 206–7, 208, 220, 221–22, 223–24, 234–35, 239

d'Estaing, Valéry Giscard, 250, 257

Diana, princess of Wales, 274

double-agent theory, 3–4, 49–50, 121, 123, 202–3, 237, 263, 289–90, 293–94, 295, 296, 310, 314–15, 318

double agents, 37, 49, 62, 68, 73

Dr. Birdie operation, 137

Dubi “Alex,” “Dr. Lord” (Marwan's Mossad handler)

 considered replacements as Marwan's handler, 58–59, 284–86

 Marwan ends ties with, 287–88

 as Marwan's handler, 52–53, 57, 58, 64, 66–70, 73, 74, 100, 104, 124, 125–30, 143–44, 158, 167, 194–96, 200, 210, 211, 215, 216–17, 265, 266–67, 283–84

 and recruitment of Marwan, 39–43, 48, 49, 50

Duvalier, François “Papa Doc,” 279

EgyptAir, 200–201, 203, 204, 261

Egyptian air force

 need for attack aircraft, 115–18

 plan for overcoming air inferiority, 116

 purchase of French Mirage aircraft, 117–18, 144, 149, 165, 174, 177, 257, 261

 69th Squadron, 117

 Soviet missiles and aircraft, 115–16

Egyptian army

 armored tank divisions, 234

 battle plans for, 71–73, 75, 101, 104–7, 119–20, 235–36

 Center 10, 106

 land assault in Sinai, 238–39

 T-62 tanks, 153, 165

 Third Army, 169, 206, 241, 242

 war preparations for, 155, 169

 weapons procurement from Soviets, 104–5, 165

Egyptian embassy, London, 22, 24

Egyptian military

 cease-fire, 241

 date of planned attack, 201, 202, 203–5

 “deterrent” weaponry from Soviets, 57, 58, 103, 104, 105, 114–15, 152, 153, 155, 165, 177

 Egyptian-Syrian war preparations, 155–56, 157, 166, 168–69, 172, 177–79, 181, 190–91, 192, 208–9

 Granite II, 155, 156–57

 Granite II Improved plan, 163, 166, 174

 H-hour for impending attack, 214–15, 225

 October 8 counterattack, 235–36, 238

 Operation Badr, 178–79

 Operation 41, 155

 Operation High Minarets, 155–56, 157, 174

 Order of Battle of the, 41

 Suez Canal crossing, 225, 226

 Suez Canal crossing plans, 46, 55, 71, 73, 75, 100–101, 104–6, 155, 166, 177, 204, 205, 206

 Tahrir exercises, 119–20, 191–92

 at war, 217–36

 War of Attrition strategy, 55–56

 war preparations, 152–75

 war preparations, final, 176–200

 warnings and war, 194–218

 Yom Kippur War, 217–36

Egyptian military secrets, Marwan's access to, 40–41, 102–7

 Egypt's attack conditions, 111–14

 Egypt's battle plans, 71–73, 75, 101, 104–7, 119–20, 235–36

 plans for Suez Canal crossing, 71, 73, 75, 100–101, 104–6, 155, 204

Egyptian National Assembly, 135

Egyptian-Soviet relations

 “deterrent” weaponry for Egypt, 57, 58, 103, 104, 105, 114–15, 152, 153, 155, 165, 177

 Sadat and, 103–5, 106, 108

Egypt's involvement in war in Yemen (1962–67), 82, 135, 136

Eini, Freddy, 196–99, 215, 216, 219–20, 238, 239

Eitan, Rafael, 229

Elazar, David

 Marwan's war warnings, 160, 161, 162–63, 171, 172, 199, 206, 207–9

 and Yom Kippur War, 220–22, 223–24, 225–26, 227, 239

Elizabeth, queen of England, 298

El-Tahri, Jihan, 294

El-Leithy, Nassif, 87, 89, 321–322

Eshkol, Levi, 44, 47–48

Eyal, Shmuel, 34–35, 36–37

Fahmi, Ismail, 245, 246, 248, 255, 260

Faisal, King, 98, 135, 136, 137, 149, 180, 203, 243–44

Fakhri, Mohammed, 9

Farid, Abdel Majid, 20

Farouk, King, 7, 11, 81

Fawzi, Mohamed, 58, 85

Fayed, Ali al-, 275–77

Fayed, Dodi al-, 274

Fayed, Mohamed al-, 254, 274–79, 308

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 28

Fiumicino International Airport, Rome, 184–85, 187

France

 central French intelligence agency, 250–51

 Egypt's purchase of aircraft from, 116–18, 144, 149

 French embargo on conflict states, 117

 Mirage fighters via Libya, 149, 165, 174, 177, 257, 261

Fraser, Hugh, 272

Free Officers Movement, 8, 16, 81

Freedom of Information Act, 312

Gaddafi, Muammar, 69, 117, 140–41, 143, 248, 280

 date of planned attack kept secret from, 203–4

 and downing of Libyan aircraft Flight 114, 182–84

 Marwan and, 97–98, 194, 243

 and Marwan's death, 308, 319

 and Sadat's decision to go to war, 243

Galili, Yisrael, 105, 108, 130, 131, 160, 172

Gamasy, Mohamed Abdel Ghani el-, 154, 165, 263

Gandhi, Indira, 12

Geneva Peace Conference (1973), 243

George Washington University, National Security Archive, 312

Gil, Yehuda, 284

Gilboa, Amos, 120, 323

Golan Heights

 battle for, 228–31, 232

 Egyptian-Syrian war preparations for, 155–56, 157, 166, 168–69, 172, 177–79, 181, 190–91, 192, 208–9

 and end of Yom Kippur War, 244

Gomaa, Shaarawy, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 97

Gonen, Shmuel, 223, 224–27, 234–35

Gordievsky, Oleg, 249–50

Goren, Shmuel

 and Marwan's expenses, 124–25

 and Marwan's handler, 58–59

 and recruitment of Marwan, 35–36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42–43, 48–49

Greene, Graham, 284

Griffiths, John, 280–81

Guillaume, Günter, 101–2

Haaretz
newspaper, 292, 293, 306

Habib, Al-Sawy, 77–78

Hafez, Abdel Halim, 16

Hafez, Fawzi Abdel, 147, 299

Halevy, Efraim, 107, 108, 285, 286–87

Hamamsi, Jalal al-Din al-, 138, 146

Hanssen, Robert, 28

Harari, Mike, 187

Harel, Isser, 47

Harkabi, Yehoshafat, 213

Harrods affair, 272, 273–74, 276, 277, 281, 298

Hassan, Mansour, 139

Heath, Edward, 273

Heikal, Mohamed Hassannein, 19, 86, 137, 200, 318, 319, 320

Heliopolis Sporting Club, 9, 13

Helms, Richard, 107, 108

Hezbollah, 27

Hindi, Amin al-, 185–88

History of Israel
(Bregman), 295

Hoarau, Gérard, 279

Hod, Moti, 181

Hofi, Yitzhak, 190, 223, 265, 266, 267, 284

Hosny, Soad, 322–23

House of Fraser affair, 272–74, 275, 276–78, 281

Hussein, King, 76, 78, 139, 140, 150, 161

 and Syrian war deployment, 190, 191

Hussein, Saddam, 247

ideology, for acts of treason, 27–28

Idris, King, 97

In Search of Identity
(A. Sadat), 88

Institute of Directors building, London, 300, 301

Intelligence and National Security
journal, 293

Iran, and Kurdish rebellion, 247

Iran, shah of, 247

Iraq

 fall of monarchy in, 76

 1974 Kurdish revolt in, 246–47

Islamism, 31

Ismail, Ahmad, 26

Ismail Ali, Ahmad, 142, 143, 146, 163

Israel

 in aftermath of Yom Kippur War, 241

 Black September plot against, 184–88

 Blue-White Alert, 172–73, 176

 Coca-Cola and Arab boycott, 253

 and conclusion of Yom Kippur War, 243–44

 and downing of Libyan aircraft Flight 414, 181–84

 Israeli intelligence reports to US, 107, 108–9, 110–11

 and 1972 Munich Olympics massacre, 184–85

 shifting relations between Egyp t and, 264

 territorial gains after war, 241

 US sale of F-4 Phantoms to, 108

 in War of Attrition, 55–56, 57

Israel Defense Forces (IDF), 68, 74

 armored tank divisions, 224–26, 227, 228–31, 232

 in battle for Golan Heights, 228–31, 232

 “The Campus,” 220

 and cease-fire negotiations, 241

 counterattack, 235–36, 238

 in counteroffensive in Sinai, 239–40