The Act of Creation (102 page)

BOOK ONE
The Art of Discovery and the Discoveries of Art
PREFACE
1. The Sleepwalkers (1959).
2. The Lotus and the Robot (1960).
PART ONE THE JESTER
I. THE LOGIC OF LAUGHTER
1. Sully, J. (1902).
2. Duchenne de Boulogne (1862).
3. Ribot, T. A. (1896).
4. Quoted in the 'This England' column of the New Statesman and Nation,
January 1946.
5. December 31, 1946.
6. Polànyi (1958), p. 50.
7. Bartlett (1958).
8. Bergson (1916), p. 59.
9. Lorenz, K. L. in Whyte, L. L. ed. (1951), pp. 176-8.
10. Santillana ed. (1953), p. 469.
11. Br. J. Psychology (1962), 53, 3, p. 229.
II. LAUGHTER AND EMOTION
1. Gregory, J. C. (1924).
2. Quoted by Gregory, op. cit.
3. Foss, B. in the New Scientist, 6.7.1961.
4. Bain, A. (1868).
5. Bergson (1916).
6. McDougall, W. (1920).
7. Freud, Gesammelte Werke, VI (1940).
8. Freud, op. cit.
9. The Guardian, 5.9.1962.
10. See Ref. 3.
11. Bergson, op. cit.
12. Huxley, Aldous, in Control of the Mind, Farber, S. M. and
Wilson, H. L. ed. (1961).
13. Auden, W. H. (1944).
III. VARIETIES OF HUMOUR
1. Love's Labour's Lost, V. ii.
2. Sawyer, W. W. (1955), p. 143.
3. Gregory, op. cit.
IV. FROM HUMOUR TO DISCOVERY
1. Santillana (1955), p. 124.
PART TWO THE SAGE
V. MOMENTS OF TRUTH
1. Köhler, W. (1957), p. 35.
2. Ibid., pp. 93-4.
3. Ibid., p. 94.
4. Ibid., p. 97.
5. Merton, R. K. (1961).
6. Polànyi (1958), p. 11.
7. Hadamard (1949), p. 119.
8. Ibid, p. 120.
9. Dubos (1960), p. 117.
9a. Ibid, p. 336.
10. Quoted in The Creative Process, Ghiselin, ed. (1952).
11. Hadamard, op. cit., p. 8.
12. de Launay, L. (1925).
13. Montmasson (1931), p. 77.
14, Polya, G. (1954), p. 76.
15. Findlay A. (1948), pp. 36-8.
VI. THREE ILLUSTRATIONS
1. Histoire de l'Invention de l'Imprimerie par les Monuments,
ed. Höfer, Paris 1840.
2. Mysterium Cosmographicum, Preface.
3. Ibid.
4. Opera Omnia, Vol. XIII, pp. 33 ff.
5. Ibid., Vol I, cap. 20.
6. Ibid., Notes 2 and 3.
7. Astronomia Nova, II, cap. 18.
8. Ibid., cap 44.
9. Op. Omnia, Vol. XV, pp. 134 seq.
10. Letter of 5.9.1857.
11. Footnote to the Historical Introduction to The Origin of Species.
12. Notebooks, quoted by Himmelfarb, G. (1959), p. 153.
13. Life and Letters, II, p. 215.
14. To Lyell; ibid., II, p. 241.
15. To Fawcett, More Letters, I, 195.
16. Ibid., I, 36.
17. Origin, 6th ed., p. 2.
18. Ibid., p. 3.
19. Lamarck (1914), pp. 109-10.
20. Nordenskiöld, History of Biology, p. 42, quoted by
Himmelfarb, op. cit., p. 153.
21. British Medical Journal, 4.8.1956.
22. Himmelfarb. op. cit., p. 156.
23. Origin, 6th ed., p. 3.
24. Himmelfarb, op. cit., p. 234.
25. My Life, I, p. 359.
26. Ibid., I, pp. 232, 362.
27. Ibid., I, pp. 362 ff.
28. Himmelfarb, op. cit., p. 239.
29. Ibid., p. 238.
30. Loc. cit.
31. Ibid., p. 331.
VII. THINKING ASIDE
1. Whyte, L. L. (1962), p. 25.
2. Ibid., p. 63.
3. Ibid., pp. 88-9.
4. Ibid., p. 90.
5. Ibid., p. 92.
6. Ibid., p. 93.
7. Ibid., p. 95.
8. Ibid., p. 107.
9. Ibid., p. 108.
10. Ibid., pp. 119-20.
11. Ibid., pp. 124-5.
12. Ibid., pp. 150-1.
13. Ibid., p. 104.
I4. Ibid., p. 147.
15. Ibid., p. 154.
16. Ibid., p. 154.
17. Ibid., p. 152.
18. Ibid., pp. 160-1.
19. Herrigel (1959), 3rd ed., pp. 57-8.
20. Suzuki, D. T. (1959), p. 94.
21. Principles of Psychology (1890), Vol. I, p. 255.
22. Inquiries into Human Faculty, 1883.
23. Findlay, A., op. cit., p. 42.
24. Kendall, J. (1955), p. 138.
25. Crowther, J. G. (1940), I, p. 135.
26. Hadamard, op. cit., pp. 142-3.
27. Ibid., p. 85.
28. Quoted by Hadamard, p. 94.
29. Roman Jakobson, quoted by Hadamard, p. 97.
30. Seelig (1954), p. 71.
31. Ibid.
32. Sidney Hook, 'Consciousness in Japan', Commentary, New York,
Jan. 1959.
33. Whyte, L. L. (1962), p. 41.
34. Tractatus, Prop. 4121.
VIII. UNDERGROUND GAMES
1. Civilization and its Discontents (1930).
2. Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist (1949), p. 53.
3. Loc. cit.
4. Scientific American, June 1961.
In fact the problem originates with Carl Duncker.
5. The Integration of Personality (1940), p. 16.
6. Crowther, J. G. (1940) p. 325.
7. Loc. cit.
8. On Psychic Research, ed. Gardner Murphy and Bellon, R. O. (1961).
9. Über den Gegensinn der Urworte, Ges. Werke VIII, p. 216.
10. Die Verneinung, G. W. XIV, p. 11
11. Montmasson (1931), p. 137.
12. Enc. Brit., 13th ed., article on Photography.
13. Beveridge (1950), p. 69.
14. Sachs, H. (1946), p. 98.
15. Bronowski (1961) p. 31.
16. Crowther (1937), p. 77.
17. Ibid., p. 69.
18. Loewi, O. (1960).
19. Loc. cit.
IX. THE SPARK AND THE FLAME
1. Quoted by Ghiselin, op. cit.
2. Beveridge, op. cit., p. 5.
3. Ibid.
4. Harmonice Mundi, Introduction to Book V.
5. Quoted by Beveridge, op. cit., p. 105.
6. Astronomia Nova, IV. cap. 58.
7. The Sleepwalkers (1959).
8. Jones, E. (1953), Vol. I, p. 55.
9. Ibid., p. 103.
10. Ibid., p. 101.
11. Ibid., p. 104.
12. Ibid., p. 97.
13. Lorimer (1929), p. 91.
14. Markey (1928), p. 42.
15. The Story of My Life (1902).
X. THE EVOLUTION OF IDEAS
1. Whitehead (1953).
2. The Sleepwalkers, pp. 515-16.
3. Pyke, M. (1961), p. 215.
4. Pledge, H. T. (1939), p. 100.
5. Burnet, J. (1908), p. 29.
5a. Pope's Epitaph for Newton, and Hilaire Belloc's Answer to it.
6. Bartlett (1958), pp. 98, 122, 134, 136-7.
7. (1948), p. 167.
8. The Sleepwalkers, p. 70.
9. Taton, R. (1957), pp. 134-5.
10. Butterfield (1949), pp. 1-2.
10a. The Sleepwalkers.
11. Butterfield, p. 7.
12. Heath, Th. L. (1932), p. 170.
13. For a critical account of the Galileo conflict
see The Sleepwalkers.
14. Polànyi (1958), pp. 156-8.
15. Dubos (1950), p. 121.
16. Polànyni, op. cit., p. 168.
17. Ibid., pp. 12-13.
17a. Scientific American, May 1963.
18. Popper (1959), p. 280.
19, Dubos (1960), pp. 133-5.
20. Voyage to Laputa.
XI. SCIENCE AND EMOTION
1. Quoted by Kretschmer (1931), p. 136.
2. Beveridge, op. cit., p. 75.
3. Jones, E. (1953), I, p. 348.
4. Quoted by Farrington, B. (1953), pp. 130-1.
5. Quoted by Seelig, op. cit., p. 45.
6. Harmonice Mundi, Lib. IV, cap I.
7. Whyte, L. L. (1962), p. 66.
8. Op. cit., p. 105.
9. Seelig, op. cit., p. 44.
10. Planète. Paris, No. 1, 1961.
PART THREE THE ARTIST
A. The Participatory Emotions
XII. THE LOGIC OF THE MOIST EYE
1. Hilgard (1957), pp. 129 f.
2. Cf. Gellhorn, E. (1943 and 1957).
3. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.
4. Cf. e.g. Valentine (1946), and Clarke, Hunt, and Hunt (1947).
5. Cf. Mutch, R. T. (1944).
6. Montagu, A., Science, Vol. 130, p. 1572.
7. Kling, C. (1933).
XIII. PARTNESS AND WHOLENESS
1. Penfield (1959), p. 249.
XIV. ON ISLANDS AND WATERWAYS
1. Piaget (1930).
2. Civilization and its Discontents, p. 13 ff.
3. Lévy-Bruhl (1923 and 1926).
4. Cf. Polànyi, op. cit., p. 55.
B. Verbal Creation
XV. ILLUSION
1. Compressed from The Observer, London, 2.12.1962.
2. Lévy-Bruhl (1926), p. 76.
3. Ibid., p. 385.
4. Fitzmaurice Kelly, J., article on 'Literature'
in Enc. Brit., 13th ed.
XVI. RHYTHM AND RHYME
1. (1927), p. 139.
2. Le Côté de Guermantes.
3. A.R.N.M.D. (1940), Vol. XX, p. 732.
4. The Name and Nature of Poetr.
5. Quoted from Ghiselin, ed. (1952).
XVII. IMAGE
1. Sachs, H. (1946).
2. (1925), p. 270 ff.
3. Kretschmer (1934).
XVIII. INFOLDING
1. What is Art?
2. Richards, I. A. (1924).
3. Cohen, J. (1958).
XIX. CHARACTER AND PLOT
1. Memento Mori.
2. Brandt, G. W., in Cassell's Enc. of Literature (1953),
Vol. I, p. 422.
3. (1930), pp. 25 seq.
XX. THE BELLY OF THE WHALE
1. See, for instance, Jung, Psychology of the Unconscious (1916);
M. Bodkin, Archetypal Patterns in Poetry (1934);
Toynbee, A Study of History (1947).
2. Jung (1928), p. 395.
3. Op. cit.
C. Visual Creation
XXI. MOTIF AND MEDIUM
1. Cf. Newton, E. (1941).
2. Listowel (1933), p. 217.
3. Beauty and Ugliness (1912).
4. Jaensch (1930).
5. Gris, Juan, Horizon, August, 1946.
6. Picasso in a conversation with the editor of Cahiers d'Art (1935),
quoted by Goldwater and Treves (1945).
7. Wollberg, L. R. (1945).
8. Quoted by Reid, L. (1931).
9. Quoted by Gombrich (1962B), p. 159.
10. A New Method of Assisting the Invention in Drawing Original
Compositions of Landscape (1765).
11. Gombrich (1962B), p. 123.
12. Ibid., p. 122.
13. Dürer und die italienische Antike (1905).
14. Gombrich (1962B), p. 75.
15. Ibid., p. 12.
16. Ibid., pp. 61 ff.
17. Ibid., p. 145.
18. Ibid., p. 12.
19. Ibid., p. 10.
XXII. IMAGE AND EMOTION
1. Kepes, G. (1956), p. 102.
2. Ibid., pp. 286-7.
XXIII. ART AND PROGRESS
1. (1949), p. 97.
2. Quoted by Gombrich (1962B), p. 246.
3. (1949), p. 105.
4. Gombrich (1962B), p. 20.
5. Ibid., p. 169.
6. Ibid., pp. 174-5.
XXIV. CONFUSION AND STERILITY
1. Some lengthy passages in this chapter are lifted without
acknowledgements from my essay on 'The Anatomy of Snobbery'
in The Trail of the Dinosaur (1954).
2. Time, January 26, 1962.
3. See Note 1.
4. Quoted from 'This England', The New Statesman and Nation,
August 14, 1954.
BOOK TWO
Habit and Originality
INTRODUCTION
1. Jeffress, A., ed. (1951), p. 113.
I. PRE-NATAL SKILLS
1. Woodger (1929), p. 327.
2. Hyden (1960), p. 307.
2A. Hyden (1962).
3. Bertalanffy (1952), p. 134.
4. Schrödinger (1944), p. 71.
5. Cf. e.g. Buttin, G.  1962.
6. Fischberg, M. and Blackler, A. W. (1961).
7. Willier, Weiss, and Hamburger (1955), p. 338.
8. Hamburger (1955A), p. 67.
9. Waddington (1932), quoted from Polànyi (1958), p. 356.
10. Weiss (1939), p. 290.
11. Hamburger (1955B), p. 978.
12. Brachet (1955), pp. 389 ff.
13. Hamburger, loc. cit.
14. Bertalanffy (1952), p. 47.
II. THE UBIQUITOUS HIERARCHY
1. e.g. Coghill (1929), Carmichael, L. (1954).
2. Needham,J. (1932).
3. Spencer H.  (1870-2).
4. Heidenhain (1923).
5. Jeffress, A., ed. (1951), pp. 140 ff.
6, Pribram (1960), p. 6.
7. Hyashi, T. (1961), pp. 184 seq.
8. Pribram (1960), p. 8.
9. Holst, V. (1937, 1948).
10. Petermann (1932), p. 124.
11. Quoted from Petermann, op. cit., pp. 127 ff.
12. Ibid., p. 130.
13. Ibid., pp. 131 f.
14. Ibid., p. 132.
15. Quoted by Miller et al. (1960), p. 92.
16. Jeffress, op. cit., p. 141.
17, Quoted from Tinbergen (1951), p. 129.
III. DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM AND REGENERATIVE POTENTIAL
1. Pribram (1960), p. 4.
2. Tinbergen (1951), p. 126.
3. Thorpe (1956), pp. 28-30.
4. Needham, A. E. (1961).
5. Child, C. M. (1924).
IV. 'RECULER POUR MIEUX SAUTER'
1. Child, C. M. (1924), p. 151.
2. Ibid., p. 150.
3. Smithers (1960), p. 108.
4. Ibid., pp. 106-7.
5. Lashley (1960), p. 239.
6. Lashley (1929).
7. Bertalanffy, op. cit., p. 114.
8. Loc. cit.
9. Kretschmer (1931), p. 138.
10. Miller et al, op. cit., p. 199.
11. Polànyi (1958), p. 400.
12. Needham, A. E. 1961.
V. PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION
1. Pribram (1960).
VI. CODES OF INSTINCT BEHAVIOUR
1. Tinbergen (1951), pp. 189, 195.
2. e.g. Spurway and Haldane (1953), quoted by Thorpe (1956).
3. Tinbergen (1953), p. 55.
4. Tinbergen (1951), p. 9.
5. Sir Julian Huxley.
6. Kuo, Z. Y. (1932).
7. Lehrman, D. S. (1961).
8. Beach, F. A. (1961).
9. Tinbergen (1951), p. 142.
10. Hilgard (1958), p. 3.
11. Thorpe (1956), p. 133.
12. Ibid., p. 18.
13. Ibid., p. 28. The term 'innate releasing mechanism' is a translation
by Tinbergen of the German das angeborene, auslösende Schema
(von Uexhüll-Lorenz).
14. Tinbergen (1951), p. 103.
15. Loc. cit.
16. Tinbergen (1953), p. 9.
17. For a brief survey see 'The Concept of "Ritualization"'
by A. D. Blest in Current Problems in Animal Behaviour,
ed. Thorpe and Zangwill (1961).
18. Thorpe (1956), p. 132.
19. Ibid., p. 31.
20. Woodworth (1918).
21. Tinbergen (1951), pp. 105-6.
22. Ibid., p. 110.
23. Ibid., pp. 104-5.
24. Thorpe (1956), p. 41.
25. Ibid. p. 42.
26. Ibid., p. 19.
27. Loc. cit.
28. Thorpe (1956), p. 26.
29. Ibid., p. 262.
30. Hingston (1917), quoted by Thorpe (1956), p. 38.
31. Hingston, op. cit., quoted by Thorpe (1956), p. 39.
32. Lindauer, M. (1952).
33. Tinbergen (1953), p. 102.
34. Ibid., p. 116.
VII. IMPRINTING AND IMITATION
1. Hilgard (1957), p. 125.
2. Heinroth, O. (1938).
3. Thorpe (1956), p. 375.
4. Thorpe (1956), p. 356.
5. Lashley (1913).
6. McDougall (1936).
7. Thorpe (1956), p. 375.
8. Ibid., p. 374.
9. Ibid., p. 356.
VIII. MOTIVATION
1. Mowrer, O. H. (1952).
2. Freud (1920), pp. 3-5.
3. Hilgard (1958), p. 428.
4. Hebb (1949), pp. 178-80.
5. Cf. i.a., Zener (1957); Loucks (1935, 1938); Hovland (1937);
Hilgard and Marquis (1940); and for a concise summary Hebb (1949),
pp. 174-6.
6. For a review of the literature, cf. e.g. Pribram (1960).
7. Miller et al., op. cit., p. 30.
8. Pribram (1960), p. 3.
9. Skinner (1938), p. 9.
10. Ibid., pp. 40.
11. Miller et al., op. cit., p. 22.
12. Hilgard (1958), p. 105.
13. Humphreys, L. G. (1939).
14. Hull (1952), p. 350.
15, Hilgard (1958), p. 177.
16. Berlyne, D. E. (1960), p. 225.
17. Allport, G. W. (1957).
18. Goldstein, K. (1939).
19. Cf. e.g., Jencks B. and Potter, P. B., Journal of Psychology,
Vol. 49, p. 139.
20. Nissen, H. W. (1954).
21. Berlyne, op. cit., p. 115.
22. Ibid., p. 116.
23. Ibid., p. 127.
24. Ibid., p. 117.
25. Ibid., p. 117.
26. Ibid., p. 119.
27. Ibid., pp. 133-4.
28. Lorenz (1956).
29. Compressed from The Descent of Man (1913 ed.), pp. 108-10;
and The Expression of the Emotions (1872), p. 43.
30. Berlin, 1917; London and New York 1925.
31. Berlyne, op. cit., p. 148.
32. Harlow et al. (1950).
33. Harlow (1953), p. 25.
34. Woodworth (1947), p. 123.
35. Berlyne, op. cit., p. 170.
36. Loc. cit.
37. Pavlov (1927).
38. Darchen, R. (1952, 1954, and 1957), quoted by Berlyne,
op. cit., p. 104.
39. Thacker, L. A. (1950).
40. Thorpe (1956), p. 9.
41. Ibid., p. 12.
42, Craik, K.J.W. (1943), p. 61.
43. Allport, G. W. (1955), p. 67.
IX. PLAYING AND PRETENDING
1. Thorpe (1956).
2. Berlyne, op. cit., p. 5.
3. Thorpe (1956), p. 87.
4, Loc. cit.
5. Ibid. p. 355.
X. PERCEPTION AND MEMORY
1. Galambos (1956). Cf. also 269.
2. Moray, N., The Listener, 19.4. 1962.
3. e.g. Hilgard (1958), p. 442 seq.
4. Ittelson, W. H. (1952), quoted from Polànyi (1958), p. 96.
5. Wever, E. G. (1949).
6. Osgood (1960), p. 111.
7. Pringle, J.W.S. (1951).
8. Hyden (1960, 1962).
9. Whitfield (1949), p. 367.
10. Miller et al., op. cit., pp. 134 ff.
10A. Bartlett (1961), cap. V.
11. See e.g. Hebb (1949), cap. 2.
I2. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Exner (1891), quoted by Thorpe (1956), p. 129.
I6. See, for instance, Miles's (1931) fascinating kinephantoscope.
17. Dubos, p. 94.
18. Babbage (1830), quoted by Hanson (1961), p. 184.
19. Barlow (1959), pp. 552 seq.
20. Quoted by Koffka (1935), p. 143.
21. Woodworth (1938), p. 561.
22. Cf. Osgood (1960), p. 641, Kluever, H. (1955) and Jaensch, E. R. (1930).
23. Kluever, op. cit. and Jaensch, op. cit.
24. Kluever, op. cit.
25. Pierre, T. H. (1955).
26. Kluever, op. cit.
27. Jaensch, op. cit.
28. Ibid., p. 97.
29. Semon, R. (1921), p. 149.
30. Woodworth (1938), p. 42.
31. Head (1926), p. 232.
32. Quoted by Penfield (1959), p. 226.
33. Fry, D. B. and Denes, P., in Mechanization of Thought Processes
(1959), p. 378.
34. Paget (1930).
35. Fry and Denes, op. cit., p. 381.
36. Paget, op. cit.
37. Ladefoged, P., in Mechanization of Thought Processes (1959), p. 407.
38. Ibid., p. 411. See also Mackay, D. M. and Sutherland, N. S., ibid.,
pp. 607-9.
39. Drever, J., 2nd. in Annual Review of Psychology (1960), p. 131.
40. Ibid., pp. 153-4.
41. Thorpe (1956), p. 119.
42. Loc. cit.
43. Thorpe (1956), p. 411.
44. Ibid., p. 119.
45. Quoted by Wilenski, R. H. (1940), p. 202.
46. cf. Ladefoged, P., in Mechanization of Thought Processes (1959),
p. 402.
47. Bartlett (1961), p. 200.
48. Ibid, p. 213.
49. Time, March 2, 1962.