The 900 Days (95 page)

Vishnevsky’s observations are from his diary,
Sobranye Sochinenii
, Vol. Ill; Kochetov,
Oktyabr
, Nos. 6 and 11, June, November, 1964. Other detail from
Na Zashchite;
Pavlov; A. T. Skilyagin,
Dela i Lyudi; S Perom i Avtomatom; Leningrad v VOV;
Shtein,
Znamya
, No. 6, June, 1964; Rosenman in
Podvig Leningrada;
A. Veresov,
Neva
, No. 6, June, 1965; and Sayanov.

The description of Oreshek is largely drawn from A. Veresov,
Neva
, No. 4, April, 1966. The story of the battle is based on Barbashin; Bychevsky; A. T. Karavayev,
Po Srochnomu Predpisaniyu; Podvig Leningrada
, pp. 428–429; A. I. Mankevich,
Krasno-znamennaya Ladozhskaya Flotiliya v VOV;
K. K. Kamalov,
Morskaya Pekhota v Boyakh Za Rodinu;
G. Odintsov,
Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 12, December, 1964; Shcheglov; Kochetov,
Oktyabr
, No. 11, November, 1964; Gudkova,
Mera Muzhestva;
Shtein,
Znamya
, No. 6, June, 1964.

The military situation as Zhukov took command is best described in Barbashin, with detail from A. Saporov,
Doroga Zhizni;
Bychevsky; Karasev; Dukhanov;
Na Zashchite;
I. I. Fedyuninsky,
Fodnyate Po Trevoge
. Bychevsky and the third edition of Pavlov are revealing on Voroshilov’s displacement by Zhukov. Other detail from Kochetov,
Oktyabr
, No. 6, June, 1964; Berggolts; and Shcheglov.

Plans for defense and destruction of Leningrad are described by
Na Zashchite;
Karasev; Bychevsky; Shcheglov; Barbashin;
900 Geroicheskikh Dnei;
Panteleyev; Konstantinov; Kochetov,
Oktyabr
, No. 11, November, 1964; Kuznetsov,
Voprosy Istorii
, No. 8, August, 1965;
Leningrad v VOV;
Godenko; A. Verezov,
Neva
, No. 6, June, 1965; Kostyuchenko; A. Rozen,
Zvezda
, No. 2, February, 1966.

A. I. Veresov,
Neva
, No. 6, June, 1965, and in
Soldaty Sto Devyatoi
, presents vivid detail on the Pulkovo front, as does A. Rozen,
Zvezda
, No. 2, February, 1966. Other detail comes from Berggolts;
poo Dnei;
and much, of course, from Bychevsky; Barbashin; Dukhanov; Fedyuninsky;
Na Zashchite;
Vishnevsky; Koehetov; A. von Reinhardt’s memoirs;
Leningrad v VOV;
I. Isakov,
Neva
, No. 3, March, 1967;
VOVSS;
and G. Zhukov,
Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 8, August, 1966.

The principal sources on Kronstadt are Panteleyev; Achkasov,
Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 1, January, 1964; Karasev; Y. Perechnev,
Na Strazhe Morskikh Gorizontov;
Vishnevsky; and Shtein.

Much material on Anna Akhmatova is drawn from her introduction to her
Stikhotvore-niya
, from her own
Rekviem
and from Luknitsky. Other sources: A. M. Dreving in Barashenkov; Inber’s diary; Ye. Vasyutina,
Podvig Leningrada;
Konstantinov; Skryabina; Kochetov,
Gorod v Shineli;
Pavlov;
Leningrad v VOV; Na Zashchite;
T. V. Pokrovskaya,
Klimat Leningrada;
Vishnevsky; Barbashin; Ketlinskaya in
poo Dnei;
Glazunov; A. V. Koltsov,
Uchenye Leningrada v Gody Blokady;
Varshavsky and Rest; and Godenko.

One of the most vivid descriptions of starvation is that of the late Nikolai Chukovsky,
Yunost
, No. 1, January, 1966. Others are provided by Maria Razina in
Podvig Leningrada;
Inber; Vishnevsky; Skryabina; Godenko; Karasev; I. V. Travkin,
V Vodakh Sedoi Baltiki;
and Luknitsky. Statistical data come from
Na Zashchite;
Karasev;
Leningrad v VOV;
Karavayev; Pavlov; V. Ya. Neigoldberg,
Istoriya SSSR
, No. 3, 1965. Detail from L. Panteleyev,
Neva
, No. 1, January, 1964; Berggolts; Sayanov; Kochetov; Tarasenkov in
Literaturnoye Nasledstvo
, Vol. II; Vishnevsky; Voronov;
S Perom i Avtomatom;
Kanashin; P. D. Grishchenko,
Moi Druzya Podvodniki;
Darov; Pavlov; Ortenberg.

The principal sources are Panteleyev;
Na Zashchite;
Voronov; Barbashin; Fedyuninsky; G. Ye. Degtyarev,
Taran i Shchit;
Meretskov,
Nekolebimo, Kak Rossiya
, and
Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 1, January, 1965; P. Yegorov,
Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 5, May, 1967; Y. Alanskii,
Zvezda
, No. 11, November, 1966; Karasev; Saparov; G. A. Beresnev,
Ogni Sedogo Volkhova;
Sviridov;
poo Geroicheskikh Dnei; Leningrad v VOV;
and Luknitsky.

Curiously, there is no single satisfactory or dramatic account of the Ladoga ice road among the numerous Soviet sources. A. Saparov’s
Doroga Zhizni
is weak and propa-gandistic, and A. D. Kharitonov’s
Legendarnaya Ledovaya Trassa
is little more than a pamphlet. The chapter is based on M. Murov,
Zvezda
, No. 5, May, 1965; F. Lagunov,
Zvezda
, No. 1, January, 1964; Karasev; Pavlov; Kharitonov,
Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 11, November, 1966; Y. Loman,
Neva
, No. 1, January, 1967; F. Lapukhov,
Neva
, No. 7, July, 1967;
Na Zashchite;
Dukhanov,
Zvezda
, No. 1, January, 1964 (some detail is omitted in his book version,
V Serdtse i v Famyati)
;
Leningrad v VOV;
Merets-kov,
Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 1, January, 1965; Bogdanov-Berezovsky; Inber; Luknitsky; Samsonov,
V tor ay a Mirovaya Voina
, Vol. II, pp. 159-166;
poo Geroicheskikh Dnei
.

Nikolai Tikhonov’s account comes from
Zvezda
, No. 1, January, 1964; with detail from D. Levonevskii,
Neva
, No. 2, February, 1966; Dmitri Moldavskii, O
Mikhaile Dudine;
Sayanov; Aleksandr Prokofyev,
Literatwrnaya Gazeta
, June 22, 1965. Other sources: Vishnevsky; Vera Petrova,
Zvezda
, No. 5, May, 1965;
Leningrad v VOV;
detail on Lebedev from
Literaturnoye Nasledstvo
, Vol. II, and A. Kron in
Kyadorn S Geroyami
. Other sources: Bogdanov-Berezovsky; Luknitsky; Sayanov; Aleksandr Dymshits,
Znamya
, No. 3, March, 1966; Vsevolod Rozhdestvensky,
Ogonok
, No. 5, May, 1964;
Podvig Ermitazha;
Orbeli in Ashot Arzumanyan,
Druzhba;
Yuri L. Alanskii; K. M. Yuz-bashyan,
Akademik Iosif A. Orbeli;
Mikhailovsky,
S Toboi Baltika!

The Leningrad diarists are the principal sources for this chapter: V. Koneshevich,
Novy Mir
, Nos. 9 and 10, September and October, 1965; Luknitsky; Vera Inber; Vishnevsky; Skryabina; Dmitri Moldavskii in
Podvig Leningrada;
Panteleyev; Yelizaveta Sharypina,
V Dni Blokady;
Glazunov; and Shcheglov. The story of Zinaida Shishova comes from A. Abramov,
Neva
, No. 6, June, 1965; and the poem from V. Azarov’s collection,
Poeziya v Boyu
. Other material is drawn from
Leningrad v VOV;
T. V. Pokrovskaya,
Klimat Leningrada; Na Zashchite;
Aleksandr Kron in
Talent i Muzhestvo;
Nikolai Chukovsky in
Ryadorn s Geroyami;
and Nikolai Markevich in
V Redaktsiyu Ne Vernulsya
.

Much detail comes from
Dela i Lyudi
, which, in large part, deals with the Leningrad police during the war. Material is drawn extensively from
Na Zashchite;
Karasev; Barba-shin; Konstantinov; Darov; the Razina diary; Pavlov; Aleksandr Chakovsky; a hasty examination of
Leningradskaya Pravda
files for November, December, 1941, and the winter months of 1942; Ivan Krutikov,
V Prifrontovykh Lesakh;
Inber; Kochetov,
Oktyabr
, No. 5, May, 1965; Sharypina; L. Panteleyev,
Moskva
, No. 6, June, 1957. The description and text of Mayor Popkov’s speech are from 5
Perom i Avtomatom, Podvig Leningrada
, pp. 287–288, and Chakovsky. Other material is from Vishnevsky and Inber:
Leningrad v VOV, poo Dnei
, Pavlov, Karasev and
Na Zashchite
provide data on the bakeries and the power and fuel situation.
Podvig Leningrada
, pp. 115-116, contains data on the Leningrad fire department. The “open city” proposal is discussed by Karasev (pp. 120, 204, 205) and
Leningrad v VOV
(p. 214).

An excellent description of Radio Leningrad is provided by A. Polovnikov,
Neva
, No. 6, June, 1965; and by Yuri L. Alanskii,
Teatr v Kvadrate Obstrela;
in S
Perom i Avtomatom
by Olga Berggolts; and by Aleksandr Kron in
Ry adorn s Geroyami
. Vera Ketlinskaya describes the writers in
Neva
, No. 5, May, 1965, and Leonid Rakhmanov adds detail in
Ryadom s Geroyami
and in
Moskva
, No. 6, June, 1957. Vishnevsky and Sayanov contribute vignettes. The story of the Leningrad film is told by Vishnevsky and V. Solovtsov in S
Perom i Avtomatom
. The story of Olga Berggolts and Ketlinskaya is told by Ketlinskaya,
Neva
, No. 5, May, 1965. Luknitsky describes Ketlinskaya, and Olga Berggolts tells the story of the walk to her father’s in
Dnevnye Zvezdy
.

Not all the sources of this chapter can be identified. Cannibalism is not a subject which Leningraders care to discuss publicly. Material is drawn from Kochetov,
Oktyabr
, No. 5, May, 1965; Berggolts; Moldavskii in
Podvig Leningrada;
Varshavsky and Rest; Vishnevsky;
poo Geroicheskikh Dnei;
Inber; Sayanov; Konstantinov; Alexander Werth,
Leningrad;
Skryabina; Darov; Alanskii; Luknitsky. The Andreyev poem has not been published in the Soviet Union, but a mimeograph copy is in the author’s possession.

The Savichev notebook is in the Leningrad City Museum. The story of the family comes from
Literaturnaya Gazeta
, January 25, 1964. The winter campaign is described by Meretskov in his book and in
Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 1, January, 1965; and by Fedyuninsky. Detail is provided in
VOVSS, Na Zashchite
. Anna Vasileyeva, the Kirov girl, was interviewed by the author, February 11, 1944. The Milova story is from Karasev, the Mironova diary from
Leningrad VOV
. The death estimates are from
Na Zashchite
, p. 264; Pavlov (3rd edition), p. 144; Karasev, pp. 184, 185; V. I. Dmitriyev,
Salut Leningrada, p
. 11; hospital deaths from
poo Geroicheskikh Dnei
, p. 342; and
Leningrad v VOV
, pp. 504
et seq
. Ration card figures are from
Na Zashchite
, p. 284, and Karasev, p. 199. Markevich is published in
V Redaktsiyu Ne Vernulsya
, the writers’ appeal in
Leningrad v VOV
. The ice road is described by Pavlov,
Na Zashchite
, and Karasev, and deaths are listed by
Leningrad v VOV;
Merkulov; G. A. Sobolev,
Uchenye Leningrada;
A. V. Kolstov,
Uchenye Leningrada;
and Sayanov.

The stories come from Luknitsky, Saparov, Skryabina,
Leningrad v VOV
, and Inber.

The spring story is told by Luknitsky; Karasev; Yuri Alanskii; L. Panteleyev,
Novy Mir
, No. 5, May, 1965;
poo Geroicheskikh Dnei; Leningrad v VOV;
Inber;
Na Zashchite;
Vishnevsky; Razina in
Podvig Leningrada;
Mikhailovsky; Matvei Frolov,
Novy Mir
, No. 6, June, 1957; 5
Perom i Avtomatom
. Statistics on Ladoga deliveries are from
Na Zashchite
, pp. 340–341. Death and burial figures are from Karasev, pp. 236-237; ration card and food estimates for April 15 from
Na Zashchite
, pp. 307, 340. The original official death figures are from 900
Geroicheskikh Dnei
, pp. 397–398; criticism from
Na Zashchite
, p. 336. The analysis of the death toll by V. M. Kovalchuk and G. L. Sobolev, published in
Voprosy Jstorii
, No. 12, December, 1965, is the most important single piece of historical research done on the Leningrad tragedy. Mikhail Dudin’s estimate appeared in
Literaturnaya Gazeta
, No. 39, March 27, 1960. The military losses are estimated by O. F. Suvenirov,
V tor ay a Mirovaya Voina
, Vol. II, p. 160.
Na Zashchite
, p. 336, estimates deaths at “not less than a million.” Pavlov’s criticism of the more recent death estimates is contained in the third edition of his book, pp. 148–149.

The portrait of Leningrad on May Day is from Luknitsky and A. Fadeyev,
Sobraniye Sochinenii
, Vol. HI. The portrait of Govorov is from Bychevsky; A. Kiselev,
Voyenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 2, February, 1967; Sayanov, G. Odintsov,
Voyenno-lstori-cheskii Zhurnal
, No. 12, December, 1964. The story of Vlasov is told by Meretskov,
Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 1, January, 1965; Larry Lesueur,
Twelve Months That Shook the World;
Eve Curie,
Journey Among Warriors;
General M. Khozin,
Voyenno-lstoricheskii Zhurnal
, No. 2, February, 1965; Fedyuninsky; Boris Gusev,
Smert Komissara;
L. Panteleyev,
Novy Mir
, No. 5, May, 1965; Alexander Dallin,
German Rule in Russia
. Yevgeny Zhilo’s lovely sketch is from
Zvezda
, No. 12, December, 1967.