Tambora: The Eruption That Changed the World (49 page)

jet streams,
50
,
203

Jews,
24

Jiaqing, Emperor,
109
–
10

jökulhlaups
(glacier-floods),
159
,
162
,
170

jugement dernier des rois, Le (Day of Judgement for the Kings)
(Maréchal),
36

Jura mountains,
46

Katmai, Mount,
42

Keats, George,
221

Keats, John,
39
,
60
,
76
–
77
,
171
–
73
,
221

Keats, Tom,
172

Kilkenny Moderator
newspaper,
190

Klingaman, Nicholas P.,
237n5

Klingaman, William K.,
237n5

Koch, Robert,
87
–
88

Krakatau,
8
,
37
,
41
–
42
,
44
,
53

“Kubla Khan” (Coleridge),
99

Kun Hua Five,
107

Kuwae,
37
,
44

Lake Geneva,
46
,
53
,
55
,
67
,
164

Laki (Lakagírar),
2
,
43

Lamb, H. H. (Hubert),
50
,
177

Lancaster Sound,
132
,
141
–
42
,
144

landlords,
173
,
185

Laos,
98
,
119

Last Man, The
(Mary Shelley),
95
–
96

latitude: Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and,
137
–
38
,
140
,
249n25
; climate and,
2
,
3
,
43
,
49
–
50
,
56
,
79
–
80
,
91
,
98
,
101
,
122
,
130
,
137
,
139
,
150
,
203
,
209
,
234
; Earth’s tilt and,
80
; high,
3
,
43
,
56
,
122
,
139
; mid,
3
,
49
,
203
; northern,
122
; southern,
130
,
150
; temperature and,
137
,
209
; tropical,
2
,
79
,
98
(
see also
tropics
); Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) and,
43

leeches,
20
,
26

Le Pleureur, Mount,
159
,
161

Letters from an American Farmer
(St. John Crèvecoeur),
212

lice: host–parasite relationship and,
181
,
183
; propagation of,
181
,
183
; typhus and,
176
,
179
,
181
–
87

lightning,
53
–
54
,
57
–
59
,
115
,
179

Little Ice Age: agriculture and,
39
; Arctic and,
129
,
131
; Barrow and,
131
; climate change and,
41
; coldness of 1810s and,
36
–
42
; Ice–Core Volcano Index (IVI) and,
43
–
44
; intermittent nature of,
40
; northwest passage and,
129
; poetry and,
34
,
39
; Robock and,
40
–
41
; tropics and,
37
,
39
; volcanic causes of,
40
–
41

Li Yuyang: “Bitter Famine” and,
113
–
14
; famine poetry of,
11
,
106
–
15
,
120
; official biography of,
247n11
; “A Sigh for Summer Rain” and,
107
–
8
; tax collectors and,
108
–
10
; translations of,
236
,
248n12

Lombok,
8
,
14
,
22
–
23
,
25
,
236

Mackenzie, George Steuart,
34

Mackenzie, George,
39

magma,
6
,
17
–
21
,
43

Maison Chappuis,
45
–
46
,
115
–
16

malaria,
76
–
77

Manchester Philosophical Society,
2

Mansfield, Calvin,
205

Maratha War (1817–18),
73
,
74
,
77

Maréchal, Sylvain,
36

Marine Diver,
135
–
38

Masters, Jeff,
54
–
55

McClure, Robert,
146

Medieval Warming Period,
40

Medwin, Thomas,
76
–
77
,
245n7

Mekong delta,
98
,
102
,
119

melting ice,
121
,
127
,
129
–
33
,
138
,
140
,
233
,
258n5

Melville, Lord,
128

Melville Bay,
132

merchants,
27
,
79
,
86
,
94
,
96
,
189
,
194

Mer de Glace glacier,
154
,
156

meridional circulation patterns,
48
–
50
,
82
,
137
–
38
,
249n25

“Meteorological Imaginations and Conjectures” (Franklin),
1
–
2

Meteorological Register
,
227

meteorology,
67
,
80
,
96
,
230
; America and,
199
,
203
,
211
,
216
–
17
,
227
; Barker and,
190
,
192
; Barrow and,
129
–
31
; Brandes and,
59
; Carleton and,
196
; cholera and,
87
; Colwell and,
89
–
90
; El Niño and,
82
,
90
; Forster and,
2
–
3
,
6
–
7
,
55
; Franklin and,
1
–
2
; Grant and,
192
; Howard and,
55
–
60
,
174
; Ireland and,
150
–
51
,
180
,
190
,
192
; Jameson and,
87
–
88
,
91
,
95
,
178
; Jefferson and,
203
,
211
,
216
–
17
,
227
; Krakatau and,
53
; Laki and,
2
; Mackenzie and,
39
; Masters and,
54
–
55
; Milham and,
199
; NASA and,
40
; Pascual and,
89
–
90
; Yunnan and,
97
–
99
,
104
–
5
,
109

Milham, Willis,
199

Minoans,
44

monsoons: China and,
99
,
102
; India and,
78
–
84
,
88
–
91
;
sharif
crop and,
81
–
82
; Sumbawa and,
22
; Yunnan and,
99
,
102

Mont Blanc,
152
–
57
,
159
,
169
–
71

“Mont Blanc” (P. B. Shelley),
153
–
55
,
157
,
169
–
71

Monticello,
203
,
206
,
217
,
221
,
223
,
224

Montserrat,
231

Morning Chronicle
newspaper,
150
–
1

mortality rates,
63
,
233
,
254n45

Napoleon Bonaparte,
64
,
124
–
25
,
151
; Alps and,
152
; Napoleonic Wars and,
5
,
7
,
9
,
56
,
179
; typhus and,
183
; Waterloo and,
70
,
116
,
148
,
180

NASA,
40

National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR),
50
–
51
,
81

Natural and Civil History of Vermont
(Williams),
215
–
16

natural selection,
232

Nelson, Horatio,
128
–
29
,
144

New England,
9
,
42
,
82
,
98
,
128
,
138
,
199
,
202
–
5
,
215
–
16
,
218
,
224

New Hampshire Patriot
newspaper,
205

New Madrid earthquakes,
34

northeasters,
46

northeast passage,
128

North Pole,
48
,
134
,
137
,
140
,
147
,
168

northwest passage,
5
,
123
,
125
,
127
–
29
,
132
–
34
,
142
–
49

Norway,
129
,
149

Notes on the State of Virginia
(Jefferson),
211
–
13
,
215

oats,
61
,
176
,
178
,
203
,
206

ocean circulation,
130
,
140
,
146

Ola Bibi,
83

opium,
51
,
99
,
115
–
20
,
123
,
230

Oppenheimer, Clive,
238n10
,
239n14

O’Reilly, Bernard,
131
–
34

Pacific Ocean,
8
,
125
,
132
,
141
–
42
,
146

paleoclimatology: Canadian Arctic and,
40
; ice core analysis and,
37
,
43
,
48
,
241n12
; Iceland and,
40
; Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) and,
43

Panic of 1819,
216
–
26

Papua New Guinea,
231

Parker, William,
185

Parry, William Edward,
131
–
32
,
142
–
48

Pascual, Mercedes,
89
–
90

pathogens,
87
–
90
,
180
,
183
–
84

Peacock, Thomas Love,
33
,
153

Peel, Robert,
176
,
197

Pentrich Revolution,
61
–
62

pepper,
13
,
27

Perraudin, Jean-Pierre,
160
–
62
,
164
,
166
–
68

Pfister, Christian,
155

Philippines,
42
,
48
,
52
,
91
,
138
–
39
,
241n22

Phillips, Owen,
20
,
31

Pierre à Bot,
166

Pinatubo, Mount,
42
,
48
,
52
,
138
–
39
,
241n22

pirates,
15
–
16
,
21

Place de la Révolution,
35

plankton,
88
–
90

plinian eruptions,
18
–
20
,
22
,
23

Pliny the Younger,
18

poetry: Byron and,
9
(
see also
Byron, George Gordon
); Coleridge and,
39
,
51
,
60
,
70
,
99
; Confucian,
120
; famine and,
11
,
106
–
15
,
120
,
236
; Goethe and,
55
; Homer and,
72
; Keats and,
39
,
60
,
76
–
77
,
171
–
73
,
221
; Little Ice Age and,
34
,
39
; Li Yuyang and,
11
,
106
–
15
,
120
,
236
; Porden and,
144
; Qing-era,
105
–
13
,
120
; Romantic Age and,
34
; of Seven Sorrows,
11
,
120
,
234
; Shakespeare and,
72
; Shelley and,
9
(
see also
Shelley, Percy Bysshe
); Sumbawa and,
17
,
37
; Tennyson and,
146
; Wang Can and,
11
; Yunnan and,
106
–
15

polar bears,
135
,
233

Polidori, John William,
51
–
52

Polo, Marco,
99

Pompeii,
18
,
33
,
37
,
44

Poor Employment Act,
197

Porden, Eleanor,
144

Portuguese,
27
,
79