Tambora: The Eruption That Changed the World (48 page)

“Frankenstein weather,”
91
,
107
,
174
,
227
–
28

Franklin, Benjamin,
1
–
2
,
5
,
7

Franklin, John: Arctic explorations and,
131
–
32
,
144
–
49
,
233
; books on,
259n28
; death of,
145
–
46
; as “The Man Who Ate His Boots,”
144

free trade,
30

French Revolution,
35
–
36

Friedrich, Caspar David,
3

frost:
9
,
37
,
39
,
58
,
60
,
98
,
102
,
105
,
127
,
130
,
142
,
147
–
48
,
155
,
200
–
206
,
210
,
233
; black,
203
; early,
60
; late,
37

Fuji, Mount,
8

Gallatin, Albert,
205

Gamble, John,
186
–
87

Ganges (River),
80
–
84
,
88
,
96

Gaullieur, Eusèbe–Henri,
64

George III, King of England,
1

Germany,
3
,
59
,
61
,
197

ghauts
(stone steps),
81
,
83
–
86

Giétro glacier,
158
,
159
–
61
,
163
–
65
,
170

glaciers: advancement of,
151
–
55
,
157
,
159
,
162
,
169
; Agassiz and,
161
,
167
–
68
; Alps and,
129
,
150
–
70
; Arctic and,
129
; Bossons,
153
–
55
,
169
; Charpentier and,
161
–
62
,
167
–
68
,
251n24
; climate and,
37
,
55
,
129
,
150
–
70
; Giétro and,
158
,
159
–
61
,
163
–
65
,
170
; Ice Age theory and,
155
–
60
,
162
,
166
,
168
–
69
; ice dams and,
158
,
159
–
60
,
162
–
64
,
166
–
67
;
jökulhlaups
and,
159
,
162
,
170
; Mer de Glace and,
154
,
156
; Mont Blanc,
152
–
57
,
159
,
169
–
71
; Perraudin and,
160
–
62
,
164
,
166
–
68
; starvation and,
155
; Swiss Society of Natural Sciences and,
157
,
162
,
166
–
67
; temperature and,
152
,
157
,
159
–
60
; Venetz and,
157
–
58
,
160
–
68
,
170

Global Volcanism Program,
42

global warming.
See
climate change

Godwin, Fanny,
45
–
46
,
115
–
16

Godwin, Mary.
See
Shelley, Mary

Godwin, William,
96

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von,
55

Grand Army (India),
72
–
76

Grand Banks,
127

Grand Tour,
34

Grant, Charles,
192
–
94
,
197

“Great Climate Compromise,”
215

Great Depression,
225

Great Famine (Ireland),
173
,
194
,
198

Great Lakes,
203

Greenland,
40
,
202
,
232
; Arctic exploration and,
125
,
127
,
129
,
132
–
34
,
137
–
38
,
140
–
42
; Baffin Bay,
132
,
141
; Davis Strait,
132
; Godthaab (Nuuk),
138
; ice core studies and,
37
; Lancaster Sound,
132
,
141
–
42
,
144
; Spitsbergen and,
138
; sulfate deposits in,
38
; whaling and,
125

Greenland
(O’Reilly),
133
–
34

hail,
58
–
59
,
83
,
163
,
179
,
203
,
236

Hamilton, William,
34

Hamlet
(Shakespeare),
123

Hamlin, Christopher,
93

Hampstead Heath,
60

Han Chinese,
100
–
101
,
103

Hardaul Lala,
74
–
75

Harty, William,
186
,
190
–
91

Hastings, Lord,
72
–
76
,
77

Heine, Heinrich,
92

Himalayas,
82
,
99
,
102
,
115

Hinduism,
28
,
82

Histoire Naturelle
(Buffon),
208
,
213

History of Java
(Raffles),
29
,
31
,
32

Holocaust,
24

Holocene Period,
42
,
44
,
232
–
33
,
241n12

homelessness,
66
,
171
,
182
,
189
,
234

Homer,
72

horses,
14
,
18
,
20
–
24
,
58
,
61
,
178
,
211
,
229

Howard, Luke,
55
–
60
,
174
,
243n17

Huaynaputina,
44

Hudson Bay,
140
–
41
,
147

Humboldt, Alexander von,
33

Hunt, Leigh,
124
–
25

hurricanes,
32
,
58

Hutton, James,
168

Ice Age theory,
230
; Alps and,
155
–
60
,
162
,
166
,
168
–
69
; Little Ice Age and,
33
–
44
,
129
,
131

icebergs,
127
,
130
,
151

ice core analysis,
37
,
43
–
44
,
48
,
241n12

Ice-Core Volcano Index (IVI),
43
–
44

ice dams,
158
,
159
–
60
,
162
–
64
,
166
–
67

ice floes: Alps and,
150
–
70
; Arctic and,
130

Iceland,
1
–
2
,
7
,
34
,
40
,
43
,
50
–
51
,
159

Iliad
(Homer),
72

India: Calcutta,
5
,
73
,
81
,
83
–
84
,
86
–
87
,
91
,
96
,
239n21
; cholera and,
72
–
78
,
81
,
83
–
96
,
123
,
178
; Ganges River and,
80
–
84
,
88
,
96
;
ghauts
and,
81
,
83
–
86
; Hastings and,
72
–
76
,
77
; Hinduism and,
28
,
82
; monsoons and,
78
–
84
,
88
–
91
; Ola Bibi and,
83
; opium and,
115
–
20
;
sharif
crop and,
81
–
82
; Tambora’s effects on,
71
–
72
,
78
–
83
,
90
–
91
,
96

Indian Ocean,
22
,
78
,
80
,
82
,
89
,
98
,
102

Indonesia,
6
,
8
–
9
,
92
,
199
,
231

insects,
89
,
170
,
183

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),
235

International Sanitary Conference (1851),
93

Ireland: Act of Union and,
188
; agriculture and,
179
–
80
; Association for the Suppression of Mendicity and,
191
–
92
; Board of Health and,
197
; Carleton and,
173
–
74
,
175
,
178
,
180
,
184
,
186
,
188
,
190
,
192
,
194
–
95
,
196
; climate change and,
180
–
81
,
184
,
195
; conditions of 1817 in,
179
–
81
,
185
–
94
,
197
–
98
; Cork,
180
,
185
–
86
,
189
,
194
; County Tyrone,
5
,
173
,
181
,
186
,
190
,
193
; Dublin,
132
,
150
–
51
,
173
,
176
,
178
–
79
,
189
–
94
; famine and,
171
–
74
,
176
,
179
–
81
,
182
,
184
–
90
,
193
–
98
; Gamble and,
186
–
87
; homelessness and,
171
,
182
,
189
; Irish character and,
187
–
98
; Keats and,
171
–
73
; landlords and,
173
,
185
; lice and,
176
,
179
,
181
–
87
; Limerick,
188
,
194
; meteorology in,
150
–
51
,
180
,
190
,
192
,
196
; Poor Employment Act and,
197
; potatoes and,
176
,
180
–
81
,
192
,
194
–
95
; poverty and,
172
,
176
,
179
–
80
,
186
–
87
,
191
; riots and,
193
–
94
; storms and,
176
,
177
,
179
; Tambora’s effect on,
71
,
171
–
74
,
178
–
81
,
186
,
189
–
90
,
193
–
95
,
197
–
98
; typhus and,
66
,
176
,
179
,
181
–
93
,
198
; wheat and,
176
; winds of,
178
; “Year without a Summer” and,
174
,
176
,
177

Israelites,
44

Israel (official),
17

Jackson, Andrew,
225

Jacobins,
35
,
191

Jameson, James,
87
–
88
,
91
,
95
,
178

Jameson, Robert,
135

Japan,
8
,
91

Java,
8
,
134
,
239n15
; cholera and,
91
; Raffles and,
27
–
32
,
62
,
240n33
; Sumbawa and,
13
–
14
,
16
,
19
,
22
–
24
,
27
–
32

Java Trench,
8

Jefferson, Thomas: agriculture and,
205
–
6
,
213
–
17
,
221
,
225
–
28
; American Indians and,
212
; Buffon and,
206
–
7
,
211
–
16
,
226
–
28
; climate pessimism and,
226
–
28
; drought and,
205
; “Eighteen-Hundred-and-Froze-to-Death” and,
205
–
6
,
217
; Gallatin and,
205
; “Great Climate Compromise” and,
215
; Hamiltonian economics and,
225
; meteorological studies of,
201
,
211
,
216
–
17
,
227
; Monticello and,
203
,
206
,
217
,
221
,
223
,
224
;
Notes on the State of Virginia
and,
211
–
13
,
215
; panic of 1819 and,
216
–
26