Strange Rebels: 1979 and the Birth of the 21st Century (68 page)

10
.
Der Papst, die Polen und die Freiheit
,
http://www.ardmediathek.de/ard/servlet/content/3517136?documentId=7047176
.

11
. “Everything Changed After John Paul’s Speech in Warsaw,” Norman Webster,
The Gazette
(Montreal), July 19, 2009.

12
. “Pope Urges Rights for Fellow Slavs; Pope Voices Concern for Christians in Eastern Europe, Addresses Fate of Christians in Eastern Europe,” Michael Getler,
Washington Post
, June 4, 1979.

13
. “Can You Hear Me?,”
Economist
, June 9, 1979.

14
. “Homily for the Pilgrims from Lower Silesia and Silesia,” Częstochowa, June 5, 1979,
http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1979/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19790605_polonia-jasna-gora-slesia_en.html
.

15
. “Homily for the Workers from Silesia and Zaglebie,” Częstochowa, June 6, 1979,
http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1979/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19790606_polonia-jasna-gora-operai_en.html
.

16
. Ibid.

17
. “Poland Indicates Irritation About Pope’s Comments,” Peter Osnos and Michael Getler,
Washington Post
, June 6, 1979.

18
.
http://libpro.cts.cuni.cz/charta/docs/declaration_of_charter_77.pdf
.

19
. “A Lesson in Dignity,” in
Letters from Prison, and Other Essays
, Adam Michnik, 160.

20
. “Pope Urges Rights for Fellow Slavs,” Getler.

21
.
Der Papst, die Polen und die Freiheit
, interview with Graźyna Oziemska,
http://www.ardmediathek.de/ard/servlet/content/3517136?documentId=7047176
.

22
.
The Polish Revolution: Solidarity
, Timothy Garton Ash, 32.

23
. “Pontiff Honors Victims of Nazis; Pope Commemorates Nazis’ Victims at Auschwitz,” Peter Osnos,
Washington Post
, June 7, 2011.

24
.
Washington Post
, June 9, 2011.

25
.
Washington Post
, June 10, 2011.

26
.
New York Times
, June 5, 1979, quoted in
End and the Beginning
, Weigel, 915.

1
.
Afghanistan: A New History
, Martin Ewans, 140.

2
. “Revolution in Afghanistan,” Fred Halliday.

3
.
Revolution Unending: Afghanistan
, 1979
to the Present
, Giles Dorronsoro, 98–104.

4
.
The Tragedy of Afghanistan: A First-Hand Account
, Raja Anwar, 156.

5
.
Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan
, Olivier Roy, 108.

6
.
The Great Gamble: The Soviet War in Afghanistan
, Gregory Feifer, 30.

7
. Ibid., 31.

8
.
Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad
, David B. Edwards, 154.

9
. One source cited by David Edwards estimated 80 percent of locals supported tribal unity, 15 to 20 percent the government, and less than 5 percent the Islamic parties.

10
. Ibid., 154.

11
.
Islam and Resistance
, Roy, 108.

12
.
The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran
, Said Amir Arjomand, 104.

13
.
The Battle for God: Fundamentalism in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
, Karen Armstrong, 238.

14
. Ibid., 294–298.

15
.
Journey of the Jihadist: Inside Muslim Militancy
, Fawaz Gerges, 63–64.

16
.
Turban for the Crown
, Arjomand, 99.

17
. Ibid., 101.

18
.
The Siege of Mecca: The Forgotten Uprising in Islam’s Holiest Shrine and the Birth of al-Qaeda
, Yaroslav Trofimov, 224–225.

19
. The best account of the mosque takeover, which I have relied on heavily here, is provided by Yaroslav Trofimov’s book
Siege of Mecca
.

20
.
Before Taliban
, Edwards.

21
. Ibid., 212.

22
.
Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001
, Steve Coll, 113.

23
.
Before Taliban
, Edwards, 249–252.

24
.
Ghost Wars
, Coll, 114.

25
. “Guerrillas Use Cease-Fire to Rearm,” William Branigin,
Washington Post
, October 18, 1983.

1
. I say “quasi-colonial” because Iran was not formally the colony of any foreign powers—though many Iranians undoubtedly felt that way.

2
.
The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations
, James A. Bill, 159–160,
http://lawrecord.com/files/34_Rutgers_L_Rec_39.pdf
.

3
. “U.S. Embassy Stormed by Tehran Mob,” Nicholas Cumming-Bruce,
Guardian
, February 15, 1979,
http://century.guardian.co.uk/1970–1979/Story/0,,106889,00.html
.

4
.
Guests of the Ayatollah: The Iran Hostage Crisis, the First Battle in America’s War with Militant Islam
, Mark Bowden, 212.

5
. “Iran Hostage’s Diary: Robert C. Ode, Nov. 4, 1979, Through July 8, 1980,”
http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/documents/r_ode/Ode_pages1thru50.pdf
.

6
. Ibid.

7
.
Guests of the Ayatollah
, Bowden, 183.

8
.
The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution
, Shaul Bakhash, 65.

9
. Again, this body should not be confused with the later government organization created in the course of another round of constitutional reform in 1984. See Chapter 11.

10
. Only men were eligible, needless to say (which is odd, since there are female clerics).

11
. “Iran’s Politics: The Supreme Leader,” Karim Sadjapour, in
The Iran Primer: Power, Politics, and U.S. Policy
, 12.

12
.
Reign of the Ayatollahs
, Bakhash, 83.

13
.
Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution
, Nikki R. Keddie, 195.

14
. Ibid., 249.

1
. Author’s interview with Rong Zhiren, Guangzhou, April 9, 2010.

2
. “Rong Yiren, a Chinese Billionaire, Dies at 89,” David Barboza,
New York Times
, October 28, 2005,
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/io/28/obituaries/28rong.html?fta=y
.

3
. Author’s interview with Tom Gorman, Hong Kong, March 10, 2010.

4
.
http://www.creativebrief.com/blog/2011/07/15/market-leader-interview-graham-fink-ogilvy-china
/.

5
. Author’s interview with Jeff Muir, Hong Kong, May 5, 2010.

6
.
“Watch Out for the Foreign Guests!” China Encounters the West
, Orville Schell, 54–55.

7
. Ibid., 22–23.

8
. Author’s interview with Qian Gang, Hong Kong, May 10, 2010.

9
. “Teresa Teng, Singer, 40, Dies; Famed in Asia for Love Songs,” Sheryl WuDunn,
New York Times
, May 10, 1995,
http://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/10/obituaries/teresa-teng-singer-40-dies-famed-in-asia-for-love-songs.html
.

10
. Interview with Muir.

11
.
Broken Earth: The Rural Chinese
, Steven W. Mosher, 37–38.

12
. Ibid., 40.

13
. “Xiaogang Village, Birthplace of Rural Reform, Moves On,” Wang Ke,
China.org
. cn, December 15, 2008,
http://www.china.org.cn/china/features/content_16955209.htm
.

14
.
How the Farmers Changed China: Power of the People
, by Kate Xiao Zhou, 56.

15
. “Xiaogang Village, Birthplace of Rural Reform, Moves On,” Ke.

16
. Ibid.

17
. “Farmers Who Provided the Spark,” Raymond Li,
South China Morning Post
, November 17, 2008.

18
.
How the Farmers Changed China
, Zhou, 53–54.

19
. “Xiaogang Village, Birthplace of Rural Reform, Moves On,” Ke.

20
.
How the Farmers Changed China
, Zhou, 53–54.

21
.
http://mengwah.wordpress.com/2011/03/31/3–1-reforming-the-agricultural-sec-tor-contract-responsibility-system
/.

22
. “China in the 1980s,”
Economist
, December 29, 1979.

23
.
Hungry Ghosts
, Jasper Becker, 262.

24
.
Agrarian Radicalism in China, 1968–1981
, David Zweig, 180. See also “Summary of Experiences in Rural Economic Restructuring in Experimental Counties in Guanghan, Qionglai, and Xindu Counties of Sichuan Province,” Gui Yuwen,
Jingji Guanli
, April 15, 1982 (in
China Report: Economic Affairs
238, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, June 9, 1982).

25
. Interview with Zhong Taiyin,
The China Boom Project
, Asia Society,
http://china-boom.asiasociety.org/bio/detail/219
.

26
.
Broken Earth
, Mosher, 44.

27
. Author’s interview with Tom Gorman, Hong Kong, March 10, 2010.

28
.
Deng Xiaoping Shakes the World: An Eyewitness Account of China’s Party Work Conference and the Third Plenum (November-December 1978)
, Yu Guangyuan, 204–205.

29
. Ibid., 188.

30
.
Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China
, Ezra Vogel, 221–223.

31
. Ibid., 397.

32
. Interview with C. K. Feng, April 8, 2010.

33
.
Deng Xiaoping Shakes the World
, Yu, 399.

34
. Author’s interview with Rong Zhiren, Guangzhow, April 9, 2010.

1
. Karmal had actually been offered a cabinet post under President Daoud, who was eager to see the Parchamis shore up his government, but had declined.

2
. “Revolution in Afghanistan,” Fred Halliday, 41.

3
.
The Great Gamble: The Soviet War in Afghanistan
, Gregory Feifer, 19.

4
. Ibid., 33.

5
.
Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982
, M. Hassan Kakar, 36.

6
.
Great Gamble
, Feifer, 42.

7
. Ibid., 42–43.

8
. Ibid., 46–47. Compare the account in
Afghanistan
, Kakar, 39.

9
.
The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times
, Odd Arne Westad, 313.

10
. Barry Shlachter, Associated Press, September 17, 1979.

11
. Ibid.

12
. “Foes ‘Eliminated,’ Afghan Leader Says,” Stuart Auerbach,
Washington Post
, September 18, 1979.

13
.
Great Gamble
, Feifer, 52–53. One of the Afghans involved in the operation, Said Mohammed Guliabzoi, disputes the Soviet account of events, saying that he stayed in the country to coordinate the resistance to Amin. Ibid., 56.

14
.
Global Cold War
, Westad, 313.

15
. “Concerning the Situation in ‘A’: New Russian Evidence on the Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan,” Odd Arne Westad,
Cold War International History Project Bulletin
, 130,
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/e-dossier_4.pdf
. See also
Global Cold War
, Westad, 311.

16
.
Failed Empire
, Zubok, 262.

17
.
Afghanistan
, Kakar, 42 (see “Stumbling Toward War”).

18
. “Concerning the Situation in ‘A,’” Westad, 128.

19
.
Global Cold War
, Westad, 315.

20
.
Great Gamble
, Feifer, 13.

21
. Ibid., 43.

22
.
Global Cold War
, Westad, 318.

23
. Ibid., 319.

24
.
Failed Empire
, Zubok, 263.

25
.
Global Cold War
, Westad, 32Iff.

26
.
Great Gamble
, Feifer, 77–78.

27
.
Global Cold War
, Westad, 326.