Spain: A Unique History (54 page)

12. E. Silva et al., eds.,
La memoria de los olvidados: Un debate sobre el silencio de la represión franquista
(Valladolid, 2004), 55-65.

13. W. Kansteiner, "Finding Meaning in Memory: A Methodological Critique of Collective Memory Studies,"
History and Theory
41 (May 2002): 179-97.

14. N. Gedi and Y. Elam, "Collective Memory — What is It?"
History and Memory
8 (1996): 30-50.

15. G. Bueno,
El mito de la izquierda
(Barcelona, 2002), 283.

16. This distinction is treated more broadly in P. Nora,
Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past
, ed. L. C. Kritzman (New York, 1996-98), 1:xv-xxiv, 3, as cited in S. J. Stern,
Remembering Pinochets Chile: On the Eve of London, 1998
(Durham, N.C., 2004), 9.

17. Bueno,
El mito de la izquierda
, 285.

18. Silva et al.,
La memoria de los olvidados
.

19. See the account in N. Tumarkin,
The Living and the Dead: The Rise and Fall of the Cult of World War II in Russia
(New York, 1994).

20. A. Krammer, "The Cult of the Spanish Civil War in East Germany,"
Journal of Contemporary History
39.4 (October 2004): 531-60, and, more extensively, J. McLellan,
AntiFascism and Memory in East Germany: Remembering the International Brigades
(New York, 2005).

21. The best analysis in Spanish is J. Trillo-Figueroa,
La ideología invisible: El pensamiento de la nueva izquierda radical
(Madrid, 2005).

22. C. Eliacheff and D. Soulez Larivière,
El tiempo de las víctimas
(Madrid, 2009).

23. The precise, if prolix, name of this legislation is "Law to recognize and extend rights and to establish measures to assist those who suffered persecution or violence during the Civil War and the dictatorship." It is of course impossible to implement such a measure fully, since a sizable proportion of the population underwent some manner of persecution, directly or indirectly and in one zone or the other, during the Civil War, and similarly especially during the first years of the dictatorship, and to a lesser degree afterward, added to which is the fact that the great majority of people in these categories are dead.

24. The preceding quotations are drawn from Aguilar,
Políticas de la memoria
, 86-89, which provides an excellent discussion of the law and, more importantly, offers by far the most thorough and objective study of the several phases of collective memory and attitudes and policies toward the past since 1939. Several key aspects are treated in S. Juliá, ed.,
Memoria de la guerra y del franquismo
(Madrid, 2006).