Songs of Innocence (36 page)

8
.
Manchester Guardian
, 5 November 1939.

9
. Anon,
Our Towns: A Close-Up
, Oxford University Press, London, 1943, p. iii.

10
. Mass Observation File report 299, June 1940, University of Sussex Library Special Collections.

11
. Kops,
The World is a Wedding
, p. 52.

12
. 6 August 1940.

13
. Interview with the author, 6 April 2010.

14
. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/­blitz_and_world_war_two.htm,
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/­children_and_world_war_two.htm. Accessed 19 October 2010.

15
. Kops,
The World is a Wedding
.

16
. Professor Mary Davis, Centre for Trade Union Studies, London Metropolitan University,
http://www.unionhistory.info/­timeline/1939_1945.php. Accessed 18 October 2010.

17
.
Nursery World
, 26 August 2004, http://www.nurseryworld.co.uk/­news/712786/Battling/. Accessed 18 October 2010.

18
. HO/144/21511/National Archives: London.

19
. Interview with the author, 2 June 2010.

20
. Ibid.

21
. Ibid.

22
. Refugee Voices project, Association of Jewish Refugees in Great Britain. Accessed at the Weiner Library, London. Copyright of the
Association of Jewish Refugees.

23
. Mass Observation Report 299, June 1940, University of Sussex Library Special Collections.

24
. http://www.wartimememories.co.uk/­evacuation.html. Accessed July 8 2012.

25
. Ibid.

26
.
Guardian
, 17 February 1943.

27
. Quoted in the
Guardian
, February 17 1943.

28
. Richard M. Titmuss,
Problems of Social Policy
, HMSO, London, 1950, pp. 324–326 and 524–526.

29
. Quoted by James Griffiths,
Hansard
, 16 July 1943, column 566, volume 391.

30
. Hansard
, 19 January 1944, column 207 volume 396.

Chapter 6: Born in the Ruins

1
. Refugee Voices project, Association of Jewish Refugees in Great Britain.

2
. Terence O’Neill,
Someone to Love Us
, HarperCollins, London, 2010.

3
. For a more detailed account, see http://www.familylawweek.co.uk/­site.aspx?i=ed70624. Accessed July 8, 2012.

4
. Interview with the author, 24 June 2010.

5
. Quoted in David Kynaston,
Family Britain 1951–57
, Bloomsbury, London, 2009, p. 570.

6
. Andrew Holden,
Makers and Manners: Politics and Morality in Postwar Britain
, Politico’s, London, 2004, p. 43.

7
.
The Times,
June 19, 1953.

8
. Interview with the author, 5 June 2010.

9
. Interview with the author, 2 June 2010.

10
. Michael Foreman,
After the War Was Over
, first published Pavilion Books, London, 1995. This edition Puffin Books, London,
1997, p. 59.

11
. Ibid.

12
. Ibid, p. 28.

13
. Ibid, p. 40.

14
. David Docherty, David Morrison and Michael Tracey, ‘The last picture show?’, 1987, quoted in
A Century of Change:
Trends in UK Statistics Since 1900
, House of Commons Library.

15
. Kathleen Box,
The Cinema and the Public
, Mass Observation Archive, University of Sussex

16
. Foreman,
After the War Was Over
, p. 32.

17
. Steve Holland,
The Mushroom Jungle: A History of Postwar Paperback Publishing
, Zeon Books, Wiltshire, 1993, p. 182.

18
. Ibid.

19
. Interview with the author, 2 June 2010.

20
. Interview with the author, op. cit.

21
. Ibid.

22
. David Kynaston,
Austerity Britain, 1945–51
, Bloomsbury, London, 2007, p. 368

23
. Ibid, p. 364–365.

Chapter 7: Children of the Social Revolution

1
. See, for example, Tak Wing Chan and Brendan Halpin,
The Instability of Divorce Risk Factors in the UK
, 13 April 2008. users.
ox.ac.uk/~sfos0006/papers/change8.pdf, accessed July 8, 2012.

2
. Interview with the author, 26 August 2010.

3
. Conservative Political Centre,
Unhappy families
, London, 1971.

4
.
Guardian
, 5 and 17 September 1969.

5
. Interview with the author, 20 August, 2010.

6
. Interview with the author, 20 August 2010.

7
. www.ncds.info. Accessed July 8, 2012.

8
. 3 June 1972.

9
. Interview with the author, 5 June 2010.

10
. John Barron Mays,
Education and the Urban Child
, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 1962.

11
. Derek Gillard,
The Plowden Report’
, www.infed.org/schooling/plowden_report.htm.

12
. Ibid.

13
. Interview with the author, 20 August 2010.

14
.
Guardian
, 28 June 1971.

15
. ‘Good children or happy ones?’,
Observer
, 5 January 1964.

16
. ‘British mums in arms’,
Observer
, 12 January 1964.

17
. ‘The private world of children’s games’,
Observer
, 6 August 1961.

18
. Maureen Oswin,
The Empty Hours
, Allen Lane, London, 1971.

19
. ‘Empty life in a full ward’,
Guardian
, 5 August 1971.

20
. Interview with the author, 20 August 2010.

21
. 1988 film in which Dustin Hoffman plays an autistic savant.

22
. 20 April 1968.

23
. James Obelkevich and Peter Catterall (eds),
Understanding Post-War British Society
, Routledge, London, 1994, p. 147.

24
. Birth Statistics Series. FM1, Office for National Statistics, London.

25
. ‘The teenage adults’,
Guardian
, 30 January 1970.

26
. Sutherland, John,
Offensive Literature
, London, Junction Books, pp. 111–113.

27
. 6 July 1971.

28
. 1 April 1971.

29
. ‘Children’s rights and violence’, 11 December 1971.

30
. M. D. Phillips, 29 April 1971.

31
. Interview with the author, 26 August 2010.

32
. The Oz Trial: John Mortimer’s Finest Moment, in
The First Post
, January 2009.

33
. Martin Hoyles (ed.),
Changing Childhood
, Writers and Readers Publishing Co-operative, London, 1979.

34
. Quoted in ibid.

35
. John Holt,
Escape from Childhood
, Dutton, New York, 1974, p. 12.

36
. Quoted in Sandra Robinson,
Children’s Rights – Historic Developments
, Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, 2007,
http://www.cumberlandlodge.ac.uk. Accessed 13 December 2010.

37
.
Hansard
, 7 February 1979, column 712, volume 962.

38
. Gitta Sereny,
Cries Unheard: The Story of Mary Bell
, Macmillan, London, 1998.

39
. Ibid, p. 86.

40
. Ibid, p. 124.

41
. Ibid, p.19.

42
. http://www.communitycare.co.uk/­Articles/20/10/2005/51331/­Knock-it-down-and-start-again.htm. Accessed 6 January 2012.

43
.
Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Care and Supervision Provided in Relation to Maria Colwell
, HMSO, London,
1974.

44
. Ibid.

45
. ‘Increase in violence against children’,
Guardian
, 21 November 1969.

Chapter 8: Eighties to ASBOS

1
. Interview with the author, 24 June 2010.

2
. Colin Pritchard and Richard Williams, ‘Comparing possible child abuse related deaths in England and Wales with the major
developed countries, 1974–2006’,
British Journal of Social Work
, 2009, PP. 1–19.

3
. Interview with the author, op. cit.

4
. See Marcus Crouch,
The Nesbitt Tradition: The Children’s Novel 1945–1970
, Ernest Benn, London, 1972.

5
. Interview with the author, 21 September 2010.

6
.
Economist
, 12 December 1981.

7
. Ibid., 1 May 1982.

8
. Interview with the author, op. cit.

9
. November 1981, http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/­collections/mt/pdf/81_11_12.pdf. Accessed 14 December 2010.

10
. Neil Postman,
The Disappearance of Childhood
, W. H. Allen, London, 1983, p. 77. John Sommerville,
The Rise and Fall of
Childhood
, Sage, London, 1982, p. 29.

11
.
Guardian
, 15 December 1987.

12
. 13 August 1974.

13
. Sommerville
The Rise and Fall of Childhood
, p. 13.

14
.
Hansard
, 10 March 1986, vol. 472, column 473–97.

15
.
Guardian
, 21 December 1984.

16
. 20 October 1985.

17
. Gitta Sereny,
The Invisible Children
, Pan, London, 1986, p. 217.

18
. Jean Renvoize,
Incest – A Family Pattern
, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1985. Reported in the
Guardian
, 27
November 1984.
Hansard
, 29 November 1985, vol. 87, columns 1117–34.

19
.
Hansard,
29 June 1987, vol. 118, columns 255–9.

20
. http:­//www.­bbc.­co.­uk/­tees/­content/­articles/­2007/­05/­29/­cleveland_­child_­abuse_­2_­feature.­shtml. Accessed 14 December 2010.

21
. Bryan Appleyard, ‘Children speared on the horns of a demonic dilemma’,
Sunday Times
, 30 September 1990.

22
. ‘Satanic ritual forces families to suffer from a hell on earth’,
Sunday Times
, 1 April 1990.

23
. ‘Satanic Verses’,
Guardian
, 10 September 1994.

24
.
Daily Mail
, 20 February 1993.

25
. Wellingborough, 19 February 1993.

26
. 6 February 1994.

27
.
Hansard
, 30 November 1995, column 716, volume 267.

28
. ‘How we make demons of children’, 28 November 1993.

29
. ‘Time to let the children play (and live)’, 9 April 1994.

30
. C. Pritchard and T. Sayers, ‘Exploring potential “extra-familial”child homicide assailants in the UK and
estimating their homicide rate: perception of risk – the need for debate’,
British Journal of Social Work
, vol. 2008, issue 2, pp. 38, 290–307.

31
. ‘We did not want to tempt fate’,
Daily Mail
, 15 March 1994.

32
.
Hansard
, 6 February 1990, vol. 515, column 782–827.

33
.
Daily Mail,
17 February, 1993.

34
. Nan Spowart, ‘The death of innocence’, 3 September 1998.

35
. ‘Battery children’,
Independent
, 2 September 1999.

36
. Interview with the author, 16 November 2007, published in
The Times
, 22 January 2008.

37
. Department of Children, Schools and Families, Children’s Plan, 2008,
https:­www.­education.­gov.­uk/­publications/­eOrderingDownload/­Children’s_­plan_­summary.­pdf. Accessed 20 December 2010.

38
. ‘Policies towards poverty, inequality and exclusion since 1997’, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York, 2005,
http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/­files/jrf/0015.pdf. Accessed 20 December 2010.

39
.
Hansard
, 16 February 2000, columns 233–305.

40
. http://www.education.gov.uk/­childrenandyoungpeople/­neathandwellbeing/60074766/uncrc, accessed 12.7.12.

41
. Jonathan Bradshaw and Emese Mayhew (eds.),
The Well-Being of Children in the UK
, second edition, Save the Children, London,
2005. First published 2002, http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/­spru/wellbeingsummary.pdf. Accessed 20 December 2010.

42
. Sarah L. Holloway and Gill Valentine,
Cyberkids – Children in the Information Age
, Routledge Falmer, London, 2003, pp.
1–2. ‘Extra tuition damaging children’,
Scotsman
, 26 September 2000.

43
. 20 October 2009.

44
. ‘No child must suffer from overprotection’, 19 July 2000.

45
. ‘Children Are At Risk – From Their Terrified Parents’, 7 February 1999.

46
. Sue Palmer,
Toxic Childhood
, Orion, London, 2007.

Conclusion

1
. Somerville,
The Rise and Fall of Childhood
.

2
. Interview with the author, 13 November 2007

3
. William Blake,
A Cradle Song, Songs of Innocence and Experience, The Illuminated Books
, William Blake Trust/Princeton
University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1998. First Published 1974.

4
. ‘Tintern Abbey’, http://www.blupete.com/Literature/­Poetry/WordsworthTinternAbbey.htm. Accessed 21 December 2010.

5
. Gina Ford,
The New Contented Little Baby Book: The Secret to Calm and Confident Parenting
, Vermilion, London, 2006, p.
29.

6
. See, for example, Allison James, Chris Jenks and Alan Prout,
Theorising Childhood
, Polity, Cambridge, 1998.