Smuggler Nation (65 page)

67
. Quoted in Ramsay,
Jean Laffite
, 82.

68
. See especially Jane Lucas DeGrummond,
The Baratarians and the Battle of New Orleans
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1961).

69
. Wilburt S. Brown,
The Amphibious Campaign for West Florida and Louisiana: A Critical Review of Strategy and Tactics at New Orleans
(Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1969), 31.

70
. Hickey,
War of 1812
, 305.

71
. Vogel, “Jean Laffite, the Baratarians, and the Battle of New Orleans,” 276.

Chapter 6

1
. See especially Doron S. Ben-Atar,
Trade Secrets: Intellectual Piracy and the Origins of American Industrial Power
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004); David J. Jeremy,
Transatlantic Industrial Revolution: The Diffusion of Textile Technologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830s
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1981).

2
. Thomas C. Cochran,
Frontiers of Change: Early Industrialism in America
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 64.

3
. Quoted in Ben-Atar,
Trade Secrets
, 86.

4
. See Doron Ben-Atar, “Alexander Hamilton’s Alternative: Technology Piracy and the Report on Manufactures,”
William and Mary Quarterly
52, no. 3 (January 1995): 389–414.

5
.
The Papers of Alexander Hamilton
, ed. Harold C. Syrett (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 10:272.

6
. This is emphasized in Carroll W. Pursell, Jr.
The Machine in America: A Social History of Technology
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 39.

7
.
The Papers of Alexander Hamilton
, 10:308.

8
. One plan in 1787 involved dispatching an agent, Andrew Mitchell, to England to obtain models and patterns of machinery, but Mitchell was busted by British customs on his way out of the country. See Anthony F. C. Wallace and David J. Jeremy, “William Pollard and the Arkwright Patents,”
William and Mary Quarterly
34, no. 3 (July 1977): 410.

9
. Ben-Atar,
Trade Secrets
, 97.

10
. Robert Glen, “Industrial Wayfarers: Benjamin Franklin and a Case of Machine Smuggling in the 1780s,”
Business History
23, no. 3 (November 1981): 309–26.

11
.
The Writings of George Washington
, ed. Worthington Chauncey Ford (New York: Putnam, 1891), 12:6–7.

12
.
A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1902
, ed. James D. Richardson (Washington, DC: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1907), 1:66.

13
. Ben-Atar,
Trade Secrets
, xv.

14
. Ben-Atar,
Trade Secrets
, 169.

15
. In 1836 foreigners were finally given the right to hold a U.S. patent without restriction. But whereas U.S. citizens or those declaring an intent to become a U.S. citizen paid only $30 for a patent, foreigners paid
$300—and British subjects paid $500. Pat Choate,
Hot Property: The Stealing of Ideas in an Age of Globalization
(New York: Knopf, 2005), 29.

16
. Ben-Atar,
Trade Secrets
, 204.

17
. Choate,
Hot Property
, 30.

18
. Quoted in Carroll W. Pursell Jr., “Thomas Digges and William Pearce: An Example of the Transit of Technology,”
William and Mary Quarterly
21, no. 4 (October 1964): 551.

19
. Pursell,
The Machine in America
, 37–39. Moreover, as Pursell points out, not only did the Americans successfully appropriate the British technologies, they then appropriated British improvements on these earlier technologies: “Meanwhile, improvements continued to be made in England, and each, in turn, was imported. The mule was made self-acting about 1830 by Richard Roberts of Manchester, but because the export of textile machinery was still forbidden by British law, it, too, had to be brought over discreetly.” Pursell,
The Machine in America
, 50.

20
. Wallace and Jeremy, “William Pollard and the Arkwright Patents,” 413.

21
. Quoted in Herbert Heaton, “The Industrial Immigrant in the United States, 1783–1812,”
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
95, no. 5 (October 1951): 523.

22
. Quoted in American Historical Association,
Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1896
(Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1897), 1:613.

23
. Ben-Atar,
Trade Secrets
, 116.

24
. For a detailed discussion of the evolution of British restrictions, from which this paragraph draws, see David J. Jeremy, “Damming the Flood: British Government Efforts to Check the Outflow of Technicians and Machinery, 1780–1843,”
Business History Review
51, no. 1 (Spring 1977): 1–34; and Jeremy, “British Textile Technology Transmission to the United States: The Philadelphia Region Experience, 1770–1820,”
Business History Review
47, no. 1 (Spring 1973): 24–52.

25
. Heaton, “The Industrial Immigrant in the United States, 1783–1812,” 519.

26
. Ben-Atar,
Trade Secrets
, 114.

27
. Jeremy, “Damming the Flood,” 3.

28
. Jeremy, “Damming the Flood,” 14.

29
. Quoted in Ben-Atar,
Trade Secrets
, 80.

30
. Ben-Atar,
Trade Secrets
, 141.

31
. Jeremy, “Damming the Flood,” 30.

32
.
The Papers of George Washington: Presidential Series
, ed. Mark A. Mastromarino (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000), 9:182–83.

33
. Jeremy,
Transatlantic Industrial Revolution
, 76.

34
. Quoted in Ben-Atar,
Trade Secrets
, 79.

35
. Heaton, “The Industrial Immigrant in the United States, 1783–1812,” 520.

36
. See Michael Kraus, “Across the Western Sea (1783–1845),”
Journal of British Studies
1, no. 2 (May 1962): 94.

37
. Quoted in Heaton, “The Industrial Immigrant in the United States, 1783–1812,” 526.

38
.
The Papers of Alexander Hamilton
, ed. Harold C. Syrett (New York: Columbia University Press, 1965), 8:18.

39
. Quoted in Ben-Atar,
Trade Secrets
, 156.

40
. Jeremy,
Transatlantic Industrial Revolution
, 78.

41
. Ben-Atar,
Trade Secrets
, 142.

42
. Quoted in Pursell, “Thomas Digges and William Pearce,” 552.

43
. Ben-Atar,
Trade Secrets
, 145.

44
. Quoted in Ben-Atar,
Trade Secrets
, 146.

45
.
The Papers of Alexander Hamilton
, ed. Harold C. Syrett (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), 11:242.

46
.
The Papers of Alexander Hamilton
, 11:243–44.

47
. Quoted in Ben-Atar,
Trade Secrets
, 116–17.

48
. Quoted in Ben-Atar,
Trade Secrets
, 174.

49
. Quoted in Pursell,
The Machine in America
, 40.

50
. Quoted in Ben-Atar,
Trade Secrets
, 143.

51
. Quoted in Pursell,
The Machine in America
, 41.

52
. Quoted in Pursell,
The Machine in America
, 42.

53
. Jeremy,
Transatlantic Industrial Revolution
, 86.

54
. Quoted in Jeremy,
Transatlantic Industrial Revolution
, 86.

55
. Jeremy,
Transatlantic Industrial Revolution
, 87.

56
. Jeremy,
Transatlantic Industrial Revolution
, 84.

57
. Jeremy,
Transatlantic Industrial Revolution
, 87.

58
. Jeremy,
Transatlantic Industrial Revolution
, 88.

59
. For more details on the diffusion of the Slater system, see David R. Meyer,
The Roots of American Industrialization
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), 96–107. On the Slater story more generally, see E. H. Cameron,
Samuel Slater: Father of American Manufactures
(Freeport, ME: Bond Wheelwright, 1960); and Barbara M. Tucker,
Samuel Slater and the Origins of the American Textile Industry, 1790–1860
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984).

60
. Pursell,
The Machine in America
, 44.

61
. Jeremy,
Transatlantic Industrial Revolution
, 92.

62
. Nathan Appleton,
Introduction of the Power Loom, and Origin of Lowell
(Lowell, MA: B. H. Penhallow, 1858), 8–9.

63
. Choate,
Hot Property
, 31.

64
. Jeremy,
Transatlantic Industrial Revolution
, 95.

65
. Ben-Atar,
Trade Secrets
, 203.

66
. Jeremy, “Damming the Flood,” 31.

Chapter 7

1
. William E. Unrau,
White Man’s Wicked Water: The Alcohol Trade and Prohibition in Indian Country, 1802–1892
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996).

2
. See Eric Jay Dolin,
Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America
(New York: Norton, 2010).

3
. Other common trade items included blankets, cloth, guns, powder, knives, and additional utensils. The cumulative effect over time was to undermine Indian self-sufficiency and create a dependence on white traders.

4
. Ian Williams,
Rum: A Social and Sociable History
(New York: Nation Books, 2005), 114.

5
. See especially Peter C. Mancall,
Deadly Medicine: Indians and Alcohol in Early America
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995).

6
. Mancall,
Deadly Medicine
, 14.

7
. Mancall,
Deadly Medicine
, 16.

8
. Mancall,
Deadly Medicine
, 68.

9
. See John W. Frank, Roland S. Moore, and Genevieve M. Ames, “Public Health Then and Now: Historical and Cultural Roots of Drinking Problems Among American Indians,”
American Journal of Public Health
90, no. 3 (March 2000), 346. For a more general discussion, see also National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism,
Alcohol Use Among American Indians and Alaska Natives: Research Monograph 37
(Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002).

10
. Mancall,
Deadly Medicine
, 26.

11
. Quoted in Williams,
Rum
, 110.

12
. Williams,
Rum
, 111.

13
. Quoted in Clarence Walworth Alvord and Clarence Edwin Cartera, eds.,
The Critical Period, 1763–1765
. Illinois State Historical Collections (Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library, 1915), 10:334–35.

14
. Quoted in Mancall,
Deadly Medicine
, 162.

15
. Quoted in Mancall,
Deadly Medicine
, 162.

16
. Quoted in Mancall,
Deadly Medicine
, 101.

17
. Quoted in Pennsylvania Provincial Council,
Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania: From the Organization to the Termination of the Proprietary Government
(Philadelphia: J. Severns, 1852), 3:275.

18
. Quoted in Pennsylvania Provincial Council,
Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania: From the Organization to the Termination of the Proprietary Government
(Harrisburg: Theo. Fenn, 1851), 4:91.