Safe Food: The Politics of Food Safety (66 page)

2
. A particularly lucid account of these concepts is given in Alberts B, Bray D, Johnson A, et al, eds.
Essential Cell Biology: An Introduction to the Molecular Biology of the Cell
. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1998.

3
. Ye X, Al-Babili S, Klöti A, et al. Engineering the provitamin A (β-carotene) biosynthetic pathway into (carotenoid-free) rice endosperm.
Science
2000;287: 303–305.

4
. Beyer P, Al-Babili S, Ye S, et al. Golden Rice: introducing the β-carotene biosynthesis pathway into rice endosperm by genetic engineering to defeat vitamin A deficiency.
J Nutrition
2002;132:506s–510s.

5
. Chawla HS.
Introduction to Plant Biotechnology
. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers, 2000.

1. Key events in the political history of StarLink corn, 1995 to 2002

2. Comparison of “science-based” and “value-based” approaches to risk evaluation

3. The most frequent microbial causes of foodborne disease in the United States

4. Recommendations for reducing the risk of infection from
E. coli
O157:H7

5. Modern developments in food production practices, dietary preferences, and demographics

6. The distribution of U.S. government regulatory responsibility for food safety

7. The illogical division of food safety oversight

8. The seven principles of HACCP

9. Food safety is everyone’s responsibility

10. Suggestions for legislative actions to ensure safe food

11. Theoretical and current applications of food biotechnology

12. Outline of the research steps to make Golden Rice

13. Actions of selected countries regarding genetically modified foods, 2001

14. FDA advice about food security, 2002

15. Suggestions for political actions to ensure safe food

16. Selected examples of food recalls and outbreaks of foodborne illness in the United States, 2006–2009

17. Highlights of one method to insert beta-carotene into rice

1. The multinational origins of Aventis CropScience

2. The chain of production, distribution, and marketing of StarLink corn

3.
Sierra
magazine cover: “When biology meets big business”

4. The inconsistent and illogical federal oversight of beef and chicken broths

5. A Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) plan for cooked meat

6. USDA safe-handling instructions for raw meat, annotated

7. Doonesbury cartoon: Senator Robert Dole’s attempt to deregulate the meat industry

8. The Fight BAC! campaign for home food safety

9. The radura irradiation symbol and the EPA logo

10.
Daily News
front page: “Meat Mess”

11. Cartoon: “Genetically Modified Specials”

12. Biotechnology industry advertisement for the benefits of Golden Rice

13. The pathway of biosynthesis of beta-carotene

14. Biotechnology industry advertisement for genetically engineered breakfast cereal

15. Cartoon: a child’s objections to genetically modified food

16. Cartoon: Sylvia’s dreams of the benefits of genetically modified food

17. Industry advertisement for the benefits of biotechnology to farmers

18. Public protest against genetically modified foods, 1999

19. Ben & Jerry’s policy on the use of rBGH in their products

20. FDA policy on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants, 1992

21. Cartoon: response to the FDA’s regulatory stance on genetically modified foods

22. Calgene’s 1992 proposed label for genetically modified Flavr Savrô tomatoes

23. Label: Sainsbury’s genetically modified tomato paste

24. Proposed label for genetically modified foods, 1999

25. Food products labeled as genetically modified or as “GM-free”

26. Flyer advertising a San Francisco Mime Troupe play, summer 2000

27. Greenpeace card opposing the marketing of genetically modified foods

28. Manhattan billboard featuring Alexis Rockman’s
The Farm
, 2000

29. U.S. food aid to Afghanistan, 2001

30. Organization chart for the U.S. Office of Homeland Security, 2001

31.
The Onion
’s creative solution to the food safety crisis

Note: Page numbers in
italics
refer to figures; page numbers in
boldface
refer to tables.

Abbott Laboratories,
259

Abortion, spontaneous,
36

Acceptability of risk,
16
–17,
18
,
124

Accountability,
1
,
43
,
83
,
124
,
129
,
137
,
188
,
253

Acid, microbial resistance to,
40
,
41
,
43
,
97

Additives,
21
,
22
,
34
,
92
,
122
,
178
,
196
,
207
,
212

Adulterants,
82
,
83
,
102
–3,
104
,
106

Advanta Seeds,
8

Advertising,
56
,
133
,
154
,
160
,
161
,
181
,
182
,
202
,
214
,
222

See also
Marketing

Afghanistan,
261
–63,
263
,
271
,
277

Aflatoxin,
56
,
291

Agency for International Development, U.S.,
116

AgrEvo,
3
,
4
,
6
,
7

Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS),
56
,
58
,
135

Agricultural Research Service (ARS),
56

Agriculture

concentration of production in,
43
,
43
–45,
54

See also
Biotechnology, agricultural; Food industry

Agriculture, U.S. Department of.
See
USDA

Agrobacteria
,
301
,
331
n35

Alcohol,
35
,
56

Alexander, Stuart,
111

Allergic reactions,
2
,
3
,
4
–5
,
9
–11,
13
,
14
,
16
–17,
19
–20,
25
,
142
,
172
–76,
192
,
208
,
241
,
243

Alliance for Bio-Integrity,
244

Alliance for Food Security,
269

Alto Dairy,
89

American Cancer Society,
29

American Cheese Society,
128
,
323
n38

American Corn Growers Association,
224
,
245

American Council on Science and Health (ACSH),
24
,
123

American Dietetic Association,
120
,
165

American Federation of Government Employees,
108

American Meat Institute,
71
,
76
,
77
,
81
,
82
,
83
,
91
,
100
,
124
,
134
,
254
,
295

American Medical Association,
206

American Public Health Association (APHA),
66
–67,
76
,
80
–81,
106
,
271
–72

American Seed Trade Association,
4

American Veterinary Medical Association,
295

Amino acids,
9
,
147
,
174
,
183
–84,
185
,
196
,
198
,
300
,
301
,
331
n35,
343
n5

See also
Tryptophan

Anemia,
160

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS),
56
,
58

Animal feed,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
11
,
43
,
47
,
56
,
113
,
146
,
147
,
151
,
174
,
175
,
251
–55,
288

Animal rights,
200
,
229

Animals as carriers of pathogens,
29
,
34
,
37
,
42
,
43
,
44
–48,
52
,
62
,
250
–57,
342
n4

cattle,
25
,
28
,
40
,
41
,
42
,
44
–45 (
See also
Cattle, infected)

poultry,
34
,
37
,
46
,
54
,
57
–59,
95
,
115
,
134

Anthrax,
25
,
33
,
126
,
248
,
249
,
250
,
257
–60,
265
,
301
,
344
n23

Antibiotics,
176
–77

farm animals treated with,
43
,
46
–48,
113
,
176
,
177
,
179
,
199
,
259
,
295

and protection against anthrax,
258
–60 resistance to

and genetically modified products,
142
,
176
–79,
192
,
221
,
229
,
238
,
243

microbial,
19
,
41
,
43
,
45
–47,
118
,
127
–28,
176
,
199
,
259
,
265
,
279
,
294
–95,
301

Antitrust laws,
232
,
244

APHA
v.
Butz
,
66
–67,
76
,
80
–81,
106

Archer Daniels Midland,
8

Argentina,
150
,
237
,
238
,
239
,
240

Armour company,
90

Army, U.S.,
122

Arsenic,
136

Arthritis,
40

Artisanal cheese,
128

Asilomar conference on biotechnology,
171

AstraZeneca,
159
–60

Australia,
109
,
238
,
239

Austria,
238
,
278

Aventis CropScience,
2
–8,
11
–14,
16
,
139
,
234
,
260

Azteca Milling,
6
,
8

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
,
3
,
6
,
151
,
180
–81,
183
,
196
,
207
,
216
–19,
220
,
301

Bacteria

genetically modified,
139

mutations in,
184

Bacteria, foodborne,
27
,
28
,
35
,
36
,
37
,
40
–42,
57
–59

antibiotic-resistant,
19
,
41
,
45
–47,
118
,
127
–28,
176
–77,
199

and safe handling labels,
66
–67,
76
–77,
82
,
83
,
90

spread by processing practices,
49
,
50
,
117
–20

spread by production practices,
43
,
44
–45

and warning labels,
66
–67,
98
–99

See also
Microbes, foodborne;
names of bacterial species

Bayer,
5
,
259
,
260

Bayer CropScience,
260

Beachy, Roger,
151
,
326
n13

Beef

ground,
29
,
40
,
45
,
77
,
78
,
81
–84,
97
,
101
,
102
,
104
,
125
,
283
,
284
,
286
,
288
–90,
294
–95

imported,
114

irradiated,
122
–26,
136

nonintact,
103

rare,
29
,
35

See also
Hamburger

Beef America,
101

Beef industry

accountability of,
83
,
124
,
129