Roosevelt (116 page)

“Federal Disbursements for Defense,” PSF, OPM Folder, is a useful one-page summary of major defense spending in 1940 and early 1941. Smith Diary, July 15, 1941, FDRL, describes a conference, same date, of Morgenthau and congressional tax leaders with the President; see also
Roosevelt to Representative Robert Doughton, July 31, 1941, PSF, Box 47,
“C”
File; PSF, Tax Folder, Box 57. Alpheus Thomas Mason,
Harlan Fiske Stone
(Viking, 1956), pp. 563-574, authoritatively describes Stone’s appointment. Roosevelt memorandum to Jones on appointments is dated April 30, 1941, with enclosure, James Rowe to Missy LeHand, April 25, 1941, PSF, Rowe Folder. Louis Ruchames,
Race, Jobs, & Politics
(Columbia University Press, 1953), includes a well-documented treatment of the background of Executive Order 8802; see PPA, 1941, pp. 233-235, for text of the order. OF 391 provides useful correspondence on this subject; on Roosevelt’s attitude, see, especially, Roosevelt to McIntyre, June 7, 1941. Eleanor Roosevelt to “Steve” (Early), Aug. 8, 1935: PPF 1336. For a typical Roosevelt letter to civil-rights leaders during the later prewar years, see Roosevelt to Arthur B. Spingarn, June 14, 1940, PPF 1336. On the march on Washington, see Wayne Coy to Roosevelt, June 16, 1941, OF 391; and E.M.W. (Watson) to Roosevelt, June 24, 1941, PSF, Watson Folder.

Rendezvous at Argentia.
General sources on the Argentia Conference; FRUS; Wilson; H. V. Morton,
Atlantic Meeting
(Dodd, Mead, 1943), the last an account of the public events by a British observer on the
Prince of Wales.
Roosevelt’s departure for his Atlantic trip: Roosevelt to Sara Delano Roosevelt, Aug. 2, 1941, PL, pp. 1196-1197. A log was kept of the whole trip, entitled “Narrative,” n.d., 16 pp., PSF Safe File. On personalities and other aspects of the trip: Roosevelt and Shalett, pp. 334-337; King and Whitehill, pp. 331-333; Reilly, pp. 117-124; Tully, pp. 246-247. Preparations and expectations for the conference: Sherwood, p. 358; Pogue
¹
, p. 142. Account of Churchill’s report on the war: Elliott Roosevelt, pp. 28-31. The Sunday services are described in Churchill
³
, pp. 431-432; King and Whitehill, p. 335; Sherwood, p. 353; Morton, chap. 10; they were well covered by films, which are in NA. Military and diplomatic discussions and results: FRUS, 1941, Vol. I, pp. 354-356, 358; Churchill
³
, pp. 438-442; Gwyer and Butler, pp. 125-130; Pogue
¹
, pp. 142-145; Watson, pp. 400-406; Matloff and Snell, p. 55.

Roosevelt on postwar planning: Roosevelt to Berle, June 26, 1941, PSF, State Department, 1941, Box 28. Churchill’s early draft of the Atlantic statement: FRUS, 1941, Vol. I, p. 355. Churchill-Roosevelt discussions of the charter: Sumner Welles,
Where Are We Heading?
(Harper, 1946), p. 11, Discussions of postwar organization: FRUS, 1941, Vol. I, p. 363; Churchill
³
, p. 437. Postwar trade: Hull to Roosevelt, Aug. 23, 1941, 740.0011 ER 1939, SD. The note on “Adelai Stevenson” (sic) in the log is from the “Narrative,” cited above, p. 16. Frankfurter’s tribute: Frankfurter to Roosevelt, Aug. 18, 1941, Freedman, pp. 612-613; cf. Kolko, pp. 242-245.

Senate discussion of the Atlantic meeting:
Congressional Record,
Vol. 87, Pt. 7, Aug. 12-Oct. 20, 1941; Langer and Gleason, pp. 689-690, reports major press reaction. Roosevelt’s exchange with the press on the charter: PC 761, Aug. 16, 1941; PPA, 1941, p. 322. Data on popular reaction to
the meeting and to 1941 events generally: Roper Center, AIPO #257, May 20, 1941; #238, May 29, 1941; #240-K, June 24, 1941; #241-T, June 1941; #245, Aug. 1941; #248-K, Sept. 17, 1941. These are comparable to Cantril, pp. 1162-1163, with small differences in the “Don’t know” categories and others. Transmission of data to White House: Hadley Cantril, “Summary Interpretation of Latest Results,” July 3, 1941, PSF, Public Opinion Polls. Stimson to Roosevelt on leadership: Stimson Diary, June 30, 1941. Stimson-Roosevelt exchange on strategic requirements: Roosevelt to Stimson, July 9, 1941; Stimson to Roosevelt, Sept. 23, 1941, PSF, Stimson Folder. Times Square poll: Harold Lavine,
The Nation,
Aug. 30, 1941, pp. 179-180. A Soviet view of the background of Pearl Harbor: N. N. Yakovlev, esp. Pts. II, III.

The Winds and Waves of Strife.
Roosevelt’s warning to Tokyo: Churchill
³
, p. 446; Hull, pp. 1018, 1229; Long, p. 215. The President’s conference with Nomura:
FRUS—Japan,
pp. 554-555; Hull, p. 1019. Reception of the warning by the Japanese: Hull, p. 1019;
FRUS—Japan,
p. 555; Langer and Gleason, pp. 697 ff.; PHA, Pt. 15, p. 1682. Roosevelt to Churchill on the former’s warning, Aug. 18, 1941: FRUS, 1941, Vol. IV, p. 380. Proposed Roosevelt-Konoye conference: Butow, pp. 234-235, 245; Ike, pp. 112-124; Grew, pp. 1301-1302. Japanese note of Aug. 28:
FRUS—Japan,
pp. 573-575; Ike, pp. 124-126. Nomura on Roosevelt’s reception of note: PHA, Pt. 17, p. 2794. Grew’s change of outlook:
FRUS—Japan,
p. 565; FRUS, 1941, Vol. IV, pp. 382-383; Heinrichs, pp. 340-343; Grew, pp. 1310-1312 (slight differences in the same texts are due to paraphrasing). Roosevelt-Nomura conference of Sept. 3, 1941:
FRUS—Japan,
pp. 588-589. Liaison conference meeting of Sept. 3: Ike, pp. 32, 130; Butow, pp. 249-250; Butow, at p. 250, cites problems of translation; I have used his translation. Conference of Konoye and military chiefs with Hirohito: PHA (Konoye testimony), Pt. 20, p. 4004; Mosley, pp. 214-215; Ike, p. 133; Butow, pp. 254-255. Imperial Conference of Sept. 6: Ike, pp. 134-163; Butow, p. 258; Mosley, p. 220; PHA, Pt. 20. p. 4005; versions of the Emperor’s poem differ slightly.

The
Greer
incident: Gerard E. Hasselwander, “Der US-Zerstörer ‘Greer’ und ‘U 652’ am 4, September 1941,”
Marine-Rundschau,
Heft 3, 1962, pp. 148-160, a thorough account; PSF, Navy Department, Box 21, 1941; Beardall to Roosevelt, Sept. 9, 1941, enclosing copy of dispatch, Senior Officer Present Afloat, Iceland, to Chief of Naval Operations, Sept. 6, 1941, FDRL; FRUS, 1941, Vol. IV, pp. 93 ff.; Churchill
³
, p. 493. Death of Sara Delano Roosevelt: Rosenman, pp. 290-292; Sherwood, pp. 370-372; Watson-Hassett memorandum, PPF 8, Sept. 19, 1941. Mackenzie King to Roosevelt, Nov. 10, 1941: PSF, Canada Folder. Churchill’s diversion of destroyers after American assumption of full convoying: Churchill
³
, p. 517. Knox speech to American Legion is quoted in Langer and Gleason, p. 746. Roosevelt’s “shoot on sight” speech: PPA, Sept. 11, 1941, pp. 384-392. Hitler’s reaction:
Führer Conferences,
Sept. 17, 1941, pp. 33, 37-40. American public opinion: Cantril, pp. 1128-1129. Roundup of press opinion: Langer and Gleason, p. 751.

The Call to Battle Stations.
General sources on Pearl Harbor attack and its background: PHA; Wohlstetter; Farago; Yakovlev. Forestry Service transfer: Ickes, p. 626. Plans for a Key West fishing retreat: Sherwood, p.
378. Roosevelt’s health: Ross McIntire,
White House Physician
(Putnam, 1946); and other references cited in chap. 15 notes below. Main source for Japanese-American relations, late 1941:
FRUS—Japan;
FRUS, 1941, Vol. IV; Feis
³
; Grew; PHA; Butow; Ike; Hull. On relations with China: Hull, pp. 1005, 1024; Grew, pp. 1279, 1355; Matloff, p. 63; Feis
⁴
, p. 276; Butow, p. 595;
Morgenthau Diary
(China), pp. 364-365, 377-379, 547 548; FRUS, 1941, Vol. IV, pp. 396, 435, 436-441; Hull to Roosevelt, Aug. 19, 1941, PSF, China Folder, 1941-1944. Continuing negotiations with Japan: PHA, Pt. 20, pp. 4423-4427;
FRUS—Japan,
pp. 656-661, 662-663, 685; Grew, p. 1272 and
passim.
Evidence of faulty perception or communication: Clapper Papers (Diary, Nov. 18, 21, 1941), LC;
FRUS—Japan,
pp. 612, 619, 631, 687; Konoye, in PHA, Pt. 20, pp. 4005, 4006; FRUS, 1941, Vol. IV, pp. 412 419, 423; Wohlstetter.
Kearny
incident: Morison
¹
, pp. 92-93; PSF, Navy Department, Box 21, 1941, Roosevelt’s Navy Day speech, Oct. 27, 1941: PPA, 1941, pp. 438-444. For an authoritative German account of the
Kearny
episode, see Jürgen Rohwer, “Der Kearny-Zwischenfall,”
Marine-Rundschau,
Heft 5, 1959, pp. 288-301.

Roosevelt’s dire warning, Oct. 9, 1941, of a Russian-type plight for Americans if Hitler won in Europe: PPA, 1941, p. 411. Roosevelt’s empty bag of tricks: Sherwood, p. 383. Indications that Japan would attack British or Dutch or Russian territory, not American: Wohlstetter, chap. 5 and
passim;
Farago, pp. 288, 290, 307-308, 350; Yakovlev, Pt. III. American reluctance to fight for Kra Peninsula, etc.: Sherwood, p. 429; these views are corroborated by polling data received at the White House and indicating that respondents were strong for helping Britain and the Philippines but not Singapore or Australia; Russell Davenport to Hopkins, July 10, 1941, HHP, Box 298. Shift on defense of the Philippines: Watson, pp. 438-444; Matloff and Snell, pp. 67-68. Shifting attitudes on policy toward Japan: Cantril, p. 975. Roosevelt’s cautious handling of aid to Russia: Raymond H. Dawson,
The Decision to Aid Russia, 1941
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1959), chaps. 7-10. Press and political reaction to Roosevelt’s comments on religion in Russia: Dawson, p. 260. Taylor mission to Vatican: Myron C. Taylor (ed.),
Wartime Correspondence between President Roosevelt and Pope Pius XII
(Macmillan, 1947); Roosevelt to Taylor, Sept. 1, 1941, PSF, Italy Folder; Taylor memorandum summarizing views of Monsig. Tardini, Sept. 20, 1941, PSF, Vatican Folder; see also
The Holy See and the World War,
Vol. V (Rome, 1969). Stalin’s comments to Churchill about lack of clarity in British-Russian relations: Churchill
³
, pp. 528-529.

A Time for War.
Liaison conference, Nov 1, 1941: Ike, pp. 208-239; Mosley, pp. 202-204. Proposals A and B: Ike, p. 204; Butow, pp. 322-323; texts: Ike, pp. 209-211. Imperial Conference, Nov. 5, 1941: Butow, p. 325; Ike, pp. 208-239; Mosley, pp. 230, 240. Roosevelt-Nomura discussions, Nov. 10, 1941: Sherwood, p. 420; Stimson Diary; PHA, Pt. 11, pp. 5420, 5431. Cabinet meeting next day: Stimson and Bundy; PHA, Pt. 11, pp. 5420, 5432; Hull, p. 1058. Roosevelt offer to Nomura to expedite exploratory discussions:
FRUS—Japan,
pp. 715-719. Roosevelt discussions with Nomura and Kurusu, Nov. 17, 1941:
FRUS—Japan,
pp. 740-743;
Freedman, p. 623. Report on Chiang’s fears: Currie to Hull, Nov. 25, 1941, 711.93/481-1/2SD. Hull’s denunciation of Proposal B: Hull, p. 1070. Roosevelt’s truce offer, c. Nov. 17, 1941: PHA, Pt. 14, p. 1109; on dating of same, see Langer and Gleason, p. 872; Feis
⁴
, p. 312. Hull’s changes: PHA, Pt. 14, pp. 1110-1115. Roosevelt to Churchill, Nov. 24, 1941, on the proposal: PL, p. 1246; Churchill’s response: PHA, Pt. 14, p. 1300. Stimson to Roosevelt on Indochina: PHA, Pt. 11, p. 5434; see also PPA, 1941, p. 510; Blum
¹
, p. 330. Hull to Stimson on “washing his hands of it”: PHA, Pt. 11, p. 5422. Japanese liaison conference, Nov. 29, 1941: Ike, pp. 260-262. Imperial Conference, Dec. 1, 1941: Ike, pp. 262-283. Mussolini on Roosevelt is quoted in Langer and Gleason, p. 925. Roosevelt to Hirohito: PPA, 1941, pp. 511-513.

Morison
³
, pp. 83 ff., pictures the Japanese training and preparations for Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt’s fatalistic statements: Blum
¹
, p. 391; Smith Diary, Dec. 6, 1941, FDRL. My interpretation of Roosevelt’s strategic state of mind as of late fall 1941: PL; PHA, Pt. 11, pp. 5438-5441; Lilienthal (Hu Shih conversation with Roosevelt, morning of Dec. 7, 1941), pp. 505-506; Sherwood, p. 428 (Roosevelt’s complaints later to Hopkins about Hull—complaints I believe also directed at himself); Yakovlev, Pt.III; Raymond A. Esthus, “President Roosevelt’s Commitment to Britain to Intervene in a Pacific War,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review,
June 1963, pp. 28-38; F.W.F.S. Birkenhead,
Halifax
(London: Hamilton, 1965), pp. 529-530; George E. Morganstern,
Pearl Harbor
(Devin-Adair, 1947), chap. 3, pp. 599-603; see also Langer and Gleason; Woodward, pp. 186-187. Roosevelt’s request for Asia-Pacific bases: Hull to Winant and to Johnson (Canberra), FRUS, 1941, Vol. I, pp. 573-575. Roosevelt on Japan’s strategy: PPA, 1941, p. 501;
FRUS—Japan,
p. 772; Sherwood, p. 428. Roosevelt’s receipt of first thirteen parts: PHA, Pt. 10, pp. 4659-4671; Sherwood, pp. 426-427; Smith Diary, Dec. 6, 1941, FDRL; Farago, pp. 352-354.

Rendezvous at Pearl.
Pearl Harbor attack: primarily, Morison
³
, chap. 5; Walter Lord,
Day of Infamy
(Holt, 1957); Kimmel. Knox’s reception of news: Morison
³
, p. 101. Hopkins’s remark: Sherwood, p. 431. Hull’s statement to the Japanese envoys: Hull, p. 1096. Churchill’s reaction to the news of Pearl Harbor: Churchill
³
, pp. 604-605; John G. Winant,
Letters from Grosvenor Square
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947), p. 199; I have described Churchill’s reaction wholly on the basis of his later recollection. Roosevelt’s reaction and early events in his study: Tully, pp. 254 ff.; Farago, pp. 378-379; Stimson Diary; PHA, Pt. 11, pp. 5438-5439; Lilienthal (Hu Shih’s remembrance), p. 507; Biddle, p. 206; NYT, Jan. 24, 1943, VII, p. 3; interview with Eleanor Roosevelt, New York
Post,
Dec. 7, 1961, p. 57. Evening meeting: Perkins, pp. 379-380; Sherwood, p. 433; Ickes, pp. 622-665; Blum
²
, p. 1; Biddle, p. 206; Stimson Diary; PHA, Pt. 11, p. 5439, Pt. 19, p. 3503; PL, p. 1252. PHA, Pt. 19, pp. 3503-3507, has transcript of the congressional conference with the President, evening of Dec. 7, 1941. Scene outside White House: Richard L. Strout,
Christian Science Monitor,
Dec. 8, 1941, p. 3; and other periodicals. Military reports arriving at White House: PSF, Philippines Folder, 4-41, especially Marshall telephone calls forwarding MacArthur messages of Dec. 7 (9:00
P.M.),
Dec. 8, Dec. 9
(Washington time). Roosevelt to Murrow: Alexander Kendrick,
Prime Time
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1969), pp. 239-240.