Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric (Key Conflicts of Classical Antiquity) (32 page)

[197]
R. Harhoiu,
Die frühe Völkerwanderungszeit in Rumänien
(Bucharest, 1997); M. Kazanski and R. Legoux, ‘Contribution à l’étude des témoignages archéologiques des Goths en Europe orientale à l’époque des Grandes Migrations: la chronologie de la culture de černjahov récente’,
Archéologie médiévale
18 (1988): 7–53.

[198]
Descriptio consulum
, s.a. 381 (Burgess, 241).

[199]
Zosimus,
HN
4.35.1; 4.38–39.

[200]
Eunapius, frag. 59 (Blockley) = 60 (Müller).

[201]
Gregory of Nazianzus,
Ep
. 136.

[202]
Eunapius, frag. 59 (Blockley) = 60 (Müller); Zosimus,
HN
4.56.2–3.

[203]
Zosimus,
HN
5.5.4; Claudian,
Get
. 166–248; 598–647; Synesius,
De regno
19–21. For Alaric’s Goths described as a
gens
: Claudian,
č cons. Hon
. 474;
Get
. 99, 134, 169, 533, 645–47.

[204]
Descriptio consulum
, s.a. 383 (Burgess, 241).

[205]
Zosimus,
HN
4.45.3.

[206]
Sozomen,
HE
7.25; Theodoret,
HE
5.18; Rufinus,
HE
11.18; Ambrose,
Ep
. 51.

[207]
ILS
2949.

[208]
Claudian,
Get
. 524–25;
č cons. Hon
. 104–108.

[209]
Jordanes,
Get
. 146.

[210]
Zosimus,
HN
4.50–51; Claudian,
Ruf
. 1.350–51.

[211]
Claudian,
Stil
. 1.94–115;
Ruf
. 1.314–22,
č cons. Hon
. 147–50.

[212]
Eunapius, frag. 58.2 (Blockley) = John of Antioch, frag. 187 (
FHG
4: 608–10).

[213]
Orosius,
Hist
. 7.35.19; Zosimus,
HN
4.58.2–3.

[214]
Zosimus, 4.58.6; Orosius,
Hist
. 7.35.19; Socrates,
HE
5.25.11–16; Sozomen,
HE
7.22–24; Rufinus,
HE
11.33; Philostorgius,
HE
11.2;
Epitome de Caesaribus
48.7.

[215]
Socrates,
HE
7.10.

[216]
Zosimus,
HN
5.5.4.

[217]
Claudian,
Ruf
. 2.54–99; Eunapius, frag. 64.1 = John of Antioch, frag. 190 (
FHG
4: 610).

[218]
Zosimus,
HN
5.7.3; Eunapius, frag. 64.1 = John of Antioch, frag. 190 (
FHG
4: 610).

[219]
Claudian,
Stil
. 2.95–96.

[220]
Claudian,
Ruf
. 2.105–23 and 235–39, with
Gild
. 294–96 and
Stil
. 1.151–69.

[221]
Claudian,
č cons. Hon
. 435–49;
Stil
. 1.188–245.

[222]
Zosimus,
HN
5.5.6–8.; Claudian,
Ruf
. 2.186–96; Eunapius,
VS
476, 482.

[223]
Claudian,
č cons
. 479–83; Zosimus,
HN
5.7.2. Date: Paulinus,
č. Ambrosii
45, 48, for the relevance of which see E. Burrell, ‘A re-examination of why Stilicho abandoned his pursuit of Alaric in 397’,
Historia
53 (2004): 251–56.

[224]
Eunapius, frag. 64.1 = John of Antioch, frag. 190 (
FHG
4: 610); Zosimus,
HN
5.7.1 – both misdated, but both clearly referring to 397 because of their reference to
Hellas
.

[225]
Claudian,
Eutr
. 2.211–18;
Get
. 533–40.

[226]
Claudian,
Stil
. 1.269–81.

[227]
Main sources for the revolt: Synesius,
De providentia
2.1–3; Socrates,
HE
6.6.1–34; Sozomen,
HE
8.4; Theoderet,
HE
5.30–33; Zosimus,
HN
5.18–19; Philostorgius,
HE
11.8. My narrative follows A. Cameron and J. Long,
Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius
(Berkeley, 1993).

[228]
Date:
Codex Theodosianus
9.40.17 (17 August 399).

[229]
Fasti Vindobonenses Priores
532 (
Chron. Min
. 1: 299).

[230]
Claudian,
č cons. Hons
. 201–15; 281–86.

[231]
Claudian,
č cons. Hon
. 229–33.

[232]
Sozomen,
HE
8.25.3; 9.4.2–4.

[233]
The arguments of A. R. Birley,
The Roman Government of Britain
(Oxford, 2005), 455–60, very nearly persuade me to abandon my attempt, in ‘Barbarians in Gaul, usurpers in Britain’,
Britannia
31 (2000): 325–45, to redate the Rhine crossing from the traditional 31 December 406 to 405.

[234]
Orosius,
Hist
. 7.37.13–16.

[235]
Olympiodorus, frag. 7.2 (Blockley) = 5 (Müller).

[236]
Olympiodorus, frag. 3 (Blockley) = 2 (Müller).

[237]
Olympiodorus, frag. 5.1 (Blockley) = 2 (Müller); Sozomen,
HE
9.4; Philostorgius,
HE
12.3.

[238]
Zosimus,
HN
5.35.5–6.

[239]
Zosimus,
HN
5.36.1–3.

[240]
Sozomen,
HE
9.6–7.

[241]
Olympiodorus, frag. 7.3 (Blockley) = 6 (Müller); Zosimus,
HN
5.38.

[242]
Sozomen,
HE
9.7.

[243]
Zosimus,
HN
5.46.1.

[244]
Zosimus,
HN
5.45–51; Sozomen,
HE
9.7.

[245]
On Olympiodorus, one should consult A. Gillett, ‘The date and circumstances of Olympiodorus of Thebes’,
Traditio
48 (1993): 1–29.

[246]
Olympiodorus, frag. 14 (Blockley) = 13 (Müller); Sozomen,
HE
9.8.

[247]
Sozomen,
HE
9.8 has the former, Zosimus,
HN
6.12.2 the latter. Both were drawing on Olympiodorus, but it is unclear which version better transmits the original.

[248]
Sozomen,
HE
9.9.2–3; Philostorgius,
HE
12.3.

[249]
Orosius,
Hist
. 7.39.4–14.

[250]
Sozomen,
HE
9.9.5.

[251]
Olympiodorus, frag. 25 (Blockley) = 25 (Müller).

[252]
Rutilius Namatianus,
De reditu suo
1.140.

[253]
Olympiodorus, frag. 16 (Blockley) = 15 (Müller).

[254]
Jordanes,
Get
. 158.

[255]
Sozomen,
HE
9.9.1.