Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric (Key Conflicts of Classical Antiquity) (30 page)

[48]
E.g., V. Bierbrauer, ‘Archäologie und Geschichte der Goten vom 1.–7. Jahrhundert’,
Frühmittelalterlichen Studien
28 (1994): 51–172.

[49]
P. Heather,
The Goths
(Oxford, 1996), 19.

[50]
I draw the phrase from R. Reece, ‘Interpreting Roman hoards’,
World Archaeology
20 (1988): 261–69, who cites it from M. Jarrett, ‘Magnus Maximus and the end of Roman Britain’,
Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion for 1983
(1983), 22–35 at 22.

[51]
Rolf Hachmann,
Die Goten und Skandinavien
(Berlin, 1970).

[52]
Michel Kazanski,
Les Goths
(Paris, 1993).

[53]
Bernard S. Cohen,
Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India
(Princeton, 1996).

[54]
For the Sarmatian campaign see T. D. Barnes,
Constantine and Eusebius
(Cambridge, MA, 1981), 299 n. 15. For the Carpic, ibid., 300 n. 30.

[55]
Jordanes,
Getica
110.

[56]
Epitome de Caesaribus
41.3.

[57]
Constantine (306/307):
Pan. Lat
. 6.10.2; 4.16.4–5; 7.4.2; Lactantius,
De mort. pers
. 29.3; Eusebius,
Vita Const
. 1.25. Licinius:
ILS
660 (27 June 310).

[58]
Pan. Lat
. 6.2.1.

[59]
Pan. Lat
. 4.17.1–2; Optatianus,
Carm
. 10.24–28;
Anon. post Dionem
15.1 (
FHG
4: 199);
RIC
7.185 (Trier 240, 241) for Crispus’ victory over the Franks, ibid. (Trier 237–239) for the Alamanni.

[60]
The victories are recorded in Optatianus,
Carm
. 6.18–21 and Zosimus,
HN
2.21.
Orig. Const
. 21 describes the victory as Gothic, but the numismatic and epigraphic evidence is decisive.

[61]
RIC
7.135 (Lyons 209–222);
AE
(1934), 158.

[62]
CIL 1: 2335; for the appropriate date, A. Lippold, ‘Konstantin und die Barbaren (Konfrontation? Integration? Koexistenz?)’,
Studi Italiani di Filologia Classica
85 (1992): 371–91 at 377.

[63]
Anon. post Dionem
14.1 (
FHG
4: 199).

[64]
ILS
8942;
ILS
696, before 315.

[65]
Alica:
Orig. Const
. 27, with the emendation of Valesius. The testimony of Jordanes,
Getica
111 is garbled. Franks and Constantine: Zosimus,
HN
2.15.1. Bonitus: Ammianus,
RG
15.5.33.

[66]
Julian,
Caes
. 329B.

[67]
Aurelius Victor 41;
Epitome de Caesaribus
41.13;
Chronicon Paschale
, s.a. 328 (Bonn 527); commemorated on coins:
RIC
7: 331 (Rome 298);
Orig. Const
. 35 for the
ripa Gothica
.

[68]
Zosimus,
HN
2.31.3.

[69]
Descriptio consulum
, s.a. 332 (Burgess, 236).

[70]
Eusebius,
Vita Const
. 4.5.1–2;
Orig. Const
. 31; Aurelius Victor 41.13; Eutropius 10.7.

[71]
Julian,
Or
. 1.9D.

[72]
Themistius,
Or
. 15.191a.

[73]
Jordanes,
Getica
112.

[74]
Eusebius,
Vita Const
. 4.5.2.

[75]
Eunapius, frag. 37 (Blockley) = 37 (Müller); Zosimus,
HN
4.10; Ammianus,
RG
26.10.3, which puts the number of Procopius’ Gothic supporters at 3,000.

[76]
Tribute: Eusebius,
Vita Const
. 4.5.2; Ammianus,
RG
17.12. Military service in 332: Eusebius,
Vita Const
. 4.5 is vague on the Goths and entirely explicit about the Sarmatians being forced to serve in the army as a condition of peace (
Vita Const
. 4.6); cf. the late testimony of Jordanes,
Getica
112 (Goths send 40,000 troops as a result of the treaty). Service on a case-by-case basis thereafter: Libanius,
Or
. 59.89 for 348; Ammianus,
RG
20.8.1 for 360 and id. 23.2.7 for 363.

[77]
See in particular G. L. Duncan,
Coin Circulation in the Danubian and Balkan Provinces of the Roman Empire,
AD
294–578
(London, 1993) and E. Stoljarik,
Essays on Monetary Circulation in the North-western Black Sea Region in the Late Roman and Byzantine Periods, Late 3rd Century–Early 13th Century
AD
(Odessa, 1993).

[78]
Alexandru Popa,
Romains ou barbares? Architecture en pierre dans le barbaricum à l’époque romaine tardive (sur le matériel archéologique du Nord-Ouest du Pont Euxin)
(Chisinau [Moldova], 2001), 55–61; Andrei Opait,
Local and Imported Ceramics in the Roman Province of Scythia (4th–6th centuries
AD
): Aspects of Economic Life in the Province of Scythia
, British Archaeological Reports, International Series 1274 (Oxford, 2004).

[79]
A. Suceveanu and A. Barnea,
La Dobroudja romaine
(Bucharest, 1991), 260.

[80]
See the articles in Bente Magnus, ed.,
Roman Gold and the Development of the Early Germanic Kingdoms: Symposium in Stockholm 14–16 November 1997
, Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien, Konferenser 51 (Stockholm, 2001); Attila Kiss, ‘Die “barbarischen” Könige des 4.–7. Jahrhunderts im Karpatenbecken, als Verbündeten des römischen bzw. byzantinischen Reiches’,
Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae
(1991): 115–28.

[81]
Aleksandrovka: Popa,
Romains ou barbares
, 19–21. Bašmačka: ibid., 22–34. Gorodok: ibid., 42–43. Palanca: ibid., 64–65.

[82]
Alexandru Popa, ‘Die Siedlung Sobari, Kr. Soroca (Republik Moldau)’,
Germania
75 (1997): 119–131.

[83]
Popa,
Romains ou barbares
, 45–49.

[84]
See generally Attila Kiss, ‘Die Schatzfunde č und č von Szilágysomlyó als Quellen der gepidischen Geschichte’,
Archaeologia Austriaca
75 (1991): 249–60; Radu Harhoiu,
The Treasure from Pietroasa in Romania
, British Archaeological Reports, International Series 24 (Oxford, 1977); id.,
Die frühe Völkerwanderungszeit in Rumänien
(Bucharest, 1997); Florin Curta, ‘Frontier ethnogenesis in late antiquity: the Danube, the Tervingi, and the Slavs’, in id., ed.,
Borders, Barriers and Ethnogenesis: Frontiers in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages
(Turnhout, 2005), 173–204. For the fortifications of the site, Popa,
Romains ou barbares
, 66–69.

[85]
Tomb 14 at Hanska-Luterija, with fragments of many bronze vessels, a gold bracelet, and glass items, is a rare exception.

[86]
M. Kazanski,
Les Goths
(Paris, 1993) is the best short introduction to Sântana-de-Mureč/černjachov funerary sites, but see many useful articles collected in the following publications: Herwig Wolfram and Falko Daim, eds.,
Die Völker an der Mittleren und unteren Donau im fünften und sechsten Jahrhundert
(Vienna, 1980); Patrick Perin, ed.,
Gallo-Romains, Wisigoths et Francs en Aquitaine, Septimanie et Espagne (Actes des če Journées internationales d’Archéologie mérovingienne. Toulouse, 1985)
(Paris, 1991); Françoise Vallet and Michel Kazanski, eds.,
L’armée romaine et les barbares du če au če siècle
, Mémoires publiées par l’Association Française d’Archéologie Mérovingienne V (Paris, 1993); Françoise Vallet and Michel Kazanski, eds.,
La noblesse romaine et les chefs barbares du če au če siècle
, Mémoires publiées par l’Association Française d’Archéologie Mérovingienne č (Paris, 1995).

[87]
See especially Guy Halsall,
Settlement and Social Organization: The Merovingian Region of Metz
(Cambridge, 1995); Bonnie Effros,
Merovingian Mortuary Archaeology and the Making of the Early Middle Ages
(Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2003).

[88]
Ammianus,
RG
26.10.3

[89]
Ambrose,
De spir. sanct
., prol. 17 (= CSEL 79: 23).

[90]
Hippolyte Delehaye, ‘Saints de Thrace et de Mésie’,
Analecta Bollandiana
31 (1912): 161–300 at 276:
Kunstanteinus
(
recte
Kunstanteius)
thiudanis
, which are the Gothic spellings for Constantine and (the correct) Constantius.

[91]
Eusebius,
Vita Const
. 4.6;
Descriptio consulum
, s.a. 334 (Burgess, 236);
Orig. Const
. 31.

[92]
Eusebius,
Vita Const
. 4.7.

[93]
Before 340, both Constantius and Constans had taken the title
Sarmaticus
, implying either a joint campaign or two consecutive ones: T. D. Barnes,
Constantine and Eusebius
(Cambridge, MA, 1981), 262, with references.

[94]
Ammianus,
RG
15.8.

[95]
That is the argument of T. D. Barnes,
Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Historical Reality
(Ithaca, 1998).

[96]
Ammianus,
RG
16.5.

[97]
Sarmatian raids in 357: Ammianus,
RG
16.10. Campaign in 358: Ammianus,
RG
17.12–13; Aurelius Victor 42. Destruction of the Limigantes (359): Ammianus,
RG
19.3.

[98]
CIL 3: 3653 =
ILS
775.

[99]
Ammianus,
RG
22.7.8.

[100]
Eusebius,
Vita Const
. 4.5 does not demonstrate religious stipulations within the treaty, merely stating that Constantine subdued the barbarians under the sign of the cross, while no specifics can be read into
Vita Const
. 4.14.1 in which all nations are said to be steered by the single helmsman Constantine. The evidence of Eusebius is on this point surely to be preferred to the fifth-century Socrates,
HE
1.18 and Sozomen,
HE
2.6.1 where legendary accretions are to be suspected.

[101]
Socrates,
HE
4.33–34.

[102]
Cyril of Jerusalem,
Catech
. 10.19 (
PG
34: 657–90 at 688C).

[103]
Province: Auxentius 35–37 (CCSL 87: 164–65) = 56–59 (
PLS
1: 703–706); Philostorgius,
HE
2.5. Nicopolis: Jordanes,
Getica
267.

[104]
Philostorgius,
HE
2.5.

[105]
Sozomen,
HE
6.37.

[106]
Sozomen,
HE
6.37.11.

[107]
Philostorgius,
HE
2.5; trans. P. Heather and J. Matthews,
The Goths in the Fourth Century
(Liverpool, 1991), 144.