Resurrecting Pompeii (61 page)

33 For a clear de finition of how to distinguish inca bone variants from sutural bones, see Hanihara and Ishida, 2001a, op. cit., 140.
34 Nicolucci, 1882, op. cit., 11.
35 Hauser and De Stefano, 1989, op. cit., 103
36 Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 982; Rubini
et al
., 1999, op. cit., 12; Rubini
et al
., 2007, op. cit., 122–23.
37 Rubini
et al
., 1999, op. cit., 12; Rubini
et al
., 2007, op. cit., 122–23.
38 Berry and Berry, 1967, op. cit., 365; Hanihara and Ishida, 2001a, op. cit., 143–44; Hauser and De Stefano, 1989, op. cit., 102–3.
39 El-Najjar and McWilliams, 1978, op. cit., 123, 126, 129–30; Hanihara and Ishida, 2001b, op. cit., 690; Hauser and De Stefano, 1989, op. cit., 85–92; L.W. Konigsberg
et al
., ‘Cranial variation and nonmetric trait variation’,
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
, Vol. 90, 1993, 35–48; Ossenberg, 1970, op. cit., 360; Pardoe, 1984, op. cit., 62.
40 M.Y. El-Najjar and G.L. Dawson, ‘The effect of artificial cranial deformation on the incidence of wormian bones in the lambdoidal suture’,
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
, Vol. 46, 1977, 155–60; El-Najjar and McWilliams, 1978, op. cit., 129–30; B. Cremin
et al
., ‘Wormian bones in osteogenesis imperfecta and other disorders’,
Skeletal Radiology
, Vol. 8, 1982, 35–38; Konigsberg
et al
., 1993, op. cit., 35–48.
41 Cremin
et al
., 1982, op. cit., 35–48; El-Najjar and McWilliams, 1978, op. cit., 129–31; K. Kozlowski and P. Beighton,
Gamut Index of Skeletal Dysplasias: An Aid to Radiodiagnosis
. Berlin: Springer, 1984, 35–36; J. Musgrave (Department of Anatomy, University of Bristol) to E. Lazer, 1988/1989, personal communication.
42 Cremin et al., 1982, op. cit., 37–38; El-Najjar and McWilliams, 1978, op. cit., 130; Hanihara and Ishida, 2001n, op. cit., 690; Ossenberg, 1970, op. cit., 360; Pardoe, 1984, op. cit., 62.
43 Hauser and De Stefano, 1989, op. cit., 85.
44 Hauser and De Stefano, 1989, op. cit., 86; Ossenberg, 1970, op. cit., 361; Pardoe, 1984, op. cit., 63.
45 Berry and Berry, 1967, op. cit., 374; Hauser and De Stefano, 1989, op. cit., 93; W.L. Kellock and P.A. Parsons, ‘Variation of minor non–metrical cranial variants in Australian Aborigines’,
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
, Vol. 32, 1970, 409–21; Pardoe, 1984, op. cit., 70–72.
46 See Lazer, 1995, op. cit., 284–86, 448–59 for the scoring system that was employed.
47 Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 982–83.
48 The majority of cases for each side, namely, 28.6 per cent for the left and 35.7 per cent for the right, involved at least one medium-sized ossicle. One or more large ossicles were observed on 8 per cent of cases for the left and 12.5 per cent for the right side.
49 Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 982– 83; Nicolucci, 1882, op. cit., 11.
50 For example, Rubini
et al
., 2007, op. cit., 122.
51 Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 982; Nicolucci, 1882, op. cit., 11.
52 Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 982; Nicolucci, 1882, op. cit., 11.
53 Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 982.
54 These were Allen’s fossa, Poirier’s facet, plaque, hypertrochanteric fossa, exostosis in the trochanteric fossa and third trochanter on the femur, medial and lateral squatting facets on the distal end of the tibia, and septal aperture and supracondyloid process in the humerus. Lazer, 1995, op. cit., 316–26.
55 Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 984–89.
56 Comparisons can also be made for some of the other non-metric traits. Septal aperture of the humerus was observed in the Pompeian sample with a frequency of 18.4 per cent in the left sample of 98 bones and 13.2 per cent of the right sample, which comprised 96 humeri. Capasso recorded 26 cases, 16 of which displayed bilateral expression in the sample of 160 individuals he examined for post-cranial non-metric traits. He calculated the frequency for this trait as 16 per cent. Two cases of supracondyloid process were observed in the Pompeian sample and one in that from Herculaneum. Six femoral non– metric traits were scored for 165 left femora from the Pompeian sample. Allen’s fossa was observed with some degree of expression in 49.6 per cent of the Pompeian sample. There was an incidence of 12.8 per cent for Poirier’s facet. Plaque was observed in 35.4 per cent of cases, hypertrochanteric fossa in 30.3 per cent, exostosis in trochanteric fossa in 64.19 per cent and third trochanter in 28.9 per cent of the Pompeian femoral sample. There were only three femoral traits in common for the Pompeian and Herculaneum studies. Capasso observed 15 cases of Poirier’s facet in the Herculaneum left and right femora, which represented 16.per cent of the Herculaneum sample. Third trochanter was recorded for three individuals or 1.9 per cent of the sample, and hypertrochanteric fossa was observed in five infants, which reflects a frequency of 3.1 per cent in the Herculaneum sample. While the humerus data is comparable for septal aperture, there seems to be a slightly higher incidence of supracondyloid process in the Pompeian sample. The observed frequency of Poirier’s facet and third trochanter is considerably higher in the Pompeian sample, as is the incidence of hypertrochanteric fossa. Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 992–95; Lazer, 1995, op. cit., 316–26.
57 E.-L. Boulle, ‘Evolution of two human skeletal markers of the squatting position: A diachronic study from antiquity to the modern age’,
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
, Vol. 115, No. 1, 2001, 53–54; Capasso
et al
., 1999, op. cit., 112; K.A.R. Kennedy, ‘Skeletal markers of occupational stress’,in
Reconstruction of Life from the Skeleton
, ed. M.Y. Iscan and K.A.R. Kennedy. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1989, 149–50.
58 Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 996; D. Donlon, ‘The value of postcranial nonmetric variation in studies of global populations in modern homo sapiens’, unpublished PhD thesis. Armidale: University of New England, 1990, 90.

1 The number of skeletons has been variously reported between eleven and twenty two – see, for example E.M. Moorman, ‘Literary evocations of ancient Pompeii’,in
Tales from an Eruption: Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis: Guide to the Exhibition
, ed. P.G. Guzzo. Milan: Electa, 2003, 25, though the reported number is about 20 for the
cryptoporticus
corridor and two in the portico surrounding the garden. L. García y García,
Danni di Guerra a Pompei: Una Dolorosa Vicenda quasi Dimenticata
. Vol. 15, Studi della Soprintendenza Archeologica di Pompei. Roma: ‘L’Erma’ di Bretschneider, 2006, 188; T. Rocco, ‘The Villa of Diomedes’,in
Tales from an Eruption: Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis: Guide to the Exhibition
, ed. P.G. Guzzo. Milan: Electa, 2003a, 92.

2 E.C.C. Corti,
The Destruction and Resurrection of Pompeii and Herculaneum
. Translated by K. Smith and R.G. Smith. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1951, 191; W. Leppmann,
Pompeii in Fact and Fiction
. London: Elek, 1968, 169–70; H. Sigurdsson, S.N. Carey, W. Cornell and T. Pescatore, ‘The eruption of Vesuvius in
AD
79’,
National Geographic Research
, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1985, 365–66.

3 E. De Carolis, G. Patricelli and A. Ciarallo, ‘Rinvenimenti di corpi umani nell’area urbana di Pompei’,
Rivista di Studi Pompeiani
, Vol. 9, 1998, 75; García y García, 2006, op. cit., 188; T. Rocco, ‘La Villa di Diomede’ in
Storie da un
’
Eruzione: Pompei, Ercolano, Oplontis: Guida alla Mostra
, ed. A. d’Ambrosio, P.G. Guzzo and M. Mastroroberto. Milano: Electa, 2003c, 229; T. Rocco, 2003a, op. cit., 92–93.

4 Rocco, 2003c, op. cit., 229.
5 García y García, 2006, op. cit., 182; M. Pagano, ‘I calchi in archeologia: Ercolano e Pompei’,in
Storie da un
’
Eruzione: Pompei, Ercolano, Oplontis: Guida alla Mostra
, ed. A. d’Ambrosio, P.G. Guzzo and M. Mastroroberto. Milano: Electa, 2003, 122.
6 De Carolis et al., 1998, op. cit., 75–77; E. De Carolis, and G. Patricelli.
Vesuvius,
AD
79: The Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum
. Translated by The J. Paul Getty Trust. Rome: ‘L’Erma’ di Bretschneider, 2003b, 111–12.
7 Austen Henry Layard,
London Quarterly Review
(American Edition) 115, January–April 1864, 160–80, in E. Dwyer,
From fragments to icons: Stages in the making and exhibiting of the casts of Pompeian victims, 1863
–
1888
(2005); from
Interpreting Ceramics: Conference papers and presentations from the Fragmented Figure conference (Cardiff School of Art and Design on the 29th and 30th June 2005)
, 2005, http://www.uwic.ac.uk/ICRC/issue008/articles/06.htm (accessed 8 March 2007), endnote 2.
8 H. Sigurdsson and S.N. Carey, ‘The eruption of Vesuvius in
AD
79’,in
The Natural History of Pompeii
, ed. W.F. Jashemski and F.G. Meyer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, 49, 57–58.
9 M. Monnier,
The Wonders of Pompeii by Marc Monnier
(Project Gutenberg, 2005/12/12 Release date), http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/17290 (accessed 4 July 2006), 240. 10 Anonymous,
Quarterly Review
, No. 230, p. 382 in T.H. Dyer,
Pompeii: Its History, Buildings and Antiquities
. 2nd edn. London: George Bell & Sons, 1883, 477.
11 De Carolis and Patricelli, 2003b, op. cit., 111.
12 M. Monnier, ‘Tout du Monde’, 1864, pp 415–16, in Adams, 1868, op. cit., 264–68; Monnier, 1871, op. cit., 239–43.
13 Anonymous,
Quarterly Review
, No. 230, p. 382 in Dyer, 1883, op. cit., 477–79. 14 P. Gusman,
Pompei: The City, its Life and Art
. Translated by F. Simmonds and M. Jourdain. London: Heinemann, 1900, 16–17.
15 Anonymous,
Quarterly Review
, No. 230, p. 382 in Dyer, 1883, op. cit., 477. 16 D.M. Brown (ed.),
Pompeii: The Vanished City
. Alexandria, Virginia: Time–Life Books, 1992, 40; A.T. Chamberlain and M.P. Pearson.
Earthly Remains: The History and Science of Preserved Bodies
. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, 151; M. Grant,
Cities of Vesuvius: Pompeii and Herculaneum
. Middlesex: Penguin, 1976, 30.
17 For example, in S. Giuntoli,
Art and History of Pompeii
. Translated by E. Pauli, edited by M. Martinelli, Bonechi Art & History Collection. Florence: Casa Editrice Bonechi, 1995, 37; Grant, 1971, op. cit., 30.
18 For example, Brown, 1992, op. cit., 11; Moorman, 2003, op. cit., 15–16. 19 R. Etienne,
Pompeii: The Day a City Died
. Translated by C. Palmer. London: Thames & Hudson, 1992, 135.
20 A. Maiuri,
Pompeii: The New Excavations, the Villa dei Misteri, the Antiquarium
. Translated by V. Priestley, 7th edn. Roma: Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato, 1962, 69–70. 21 As can be seen in works like C. Amery and B. Curran.
The Lost World of Pompeii
. London: Frances Lincoln, 2002, 45; P. Wilkinson,
Pompeii: The Last Day
. London: BBC Books, 2003, 71. 22 Such as A.C. Aufderheide,
The Scienti
fi
c Study of Mummies
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 203; B. Brier,
The Encyclopedia of Mummies
. New York: Checkmark, 1998, 146–47; Chamberlain and Pearson, 2001, op. cit., 151–52.
23 B. Knight,
Forensic Pathology
. 2nd edn. London: Arnold, 1996, 309.
24 For example B. Conticello (Superintendent, Pompeii) to E. Lazer, 1994, personal communication; S. Pain, ‘Pompeii’s electronic guide’,
New Scientist
, Vol. 1815, 1992, 22. 25 Conticello, 1994, op. cit.; Pain, 1992, op. cit., 22.
26 A. D’Ambrosio (Archaeological Superintendency of Pompeii) to E. Lazer, 2006, personal communication.
27 García y García, 2006, op. cit., 191.
28 Ibid., 192.
29 De Carolis
et al.
, 1998, op. cit., 100, 105.
30 García y García, 2006, op. cit., 191.
31 Ibid.
32 Gusman, 1900, op. cit., 17.
33 Dwyer, 2005, op. cit.
34 Ibid. and García y García, 2006, op. cit., 173.
35 For example Chamberlain and Pearson, 2001, op. cit., 151; De Carolis and Patricelli, 2003b, op. cit., 115; A. De Vos and M. De Vos.
Pompei, Ercolano, Stabia
. Rome: Laterza, 1982, 209; Giuntoli, 1995, op. cit., 37; Grant, 1976, op. cit., 37; A. King, ‘Mammals: Evidence from wall paintings, sculpture, mosaics, faunal remains and ancient literary sources’,in
The Natural History of Pompeii
, ed. W.F. Jashemski and F.G. Meyer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, 411; W.M.C. MacKenzie,
Pompeii: Painted by Alberto Pisa
. London: A. & C. Black, 1910, 172; Maiuri, 1962, op. cit., 103; J.B. WardPerkins and A. Claridge.
Pompeii
AD
79: Treasures from the National Archaeological Museum, Naples and the Pompeii Antiquarium, Italy
. 2nd edn. Sydney: Australian Gallery Directors’ Council, 1980, 95.

36 S. De Caro and A. Casale,
Boscoreale e le Sue Testimonianze Archeologiche: Villa Rustica in Località Villa Regina
. Napoli: Commune di Boscoreale, Assessorato ai Beni Culturali e Ambientali, 1988, 11; King, 2002, op. cit., 411, 444.

37 W.F. Jashemski,
The Gardens of Pompeii, Herculaneum and the Villas Destroyed by Vesuvius
. New York: Caratzas Brothers, 1979a, 23–24; W.F. Jashemski, ‘The Vesuvian sites before
AD
79: The archaeological, literary and epigraphical evidence’,in
The Natural History of Pompeii
, ed. W.F. Jashemski and F.G. Meyer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, 16.

532 –44.
40 For example, C. D’Amore
et al
., ‘Antropologia pompeiana del 79 d.C.: Sesso ed età di
morte’,
Archivio per l
’
Antropologia e la Etnologia
, Vol. 109, 1979, 300.
41 Brier, 1998, op. cit., 147; Chamberlain and Pearson, 2001, op. cit., 150; Grant, 1976, op.
cit., 34.
42 Dr Mario Benanzio, orthopaedic surgeon, Dr Michael Houang, radiologist, Dr Chris
Griffiths, of the then NSW Forensic Institute, Ian White, from the then NSW Forensic
Institute, Dr Greg Doran, then from Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney and a
team of radiographers. E. Lazer, ‘Human Skeletal Remains in Pompeii: Vols. I and II’,
unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Anatomy and Histology. Sydney: The University
of Sydney, 1995, 376–79.
43 A. D’Ambrosio, ‘The lady from Oplontis’,in
Rediscovering Pompeii: IBM Gallery of Science
and Art
, ed. B. Conticello. Rome: ‘L’Erma’ di Bretschneider, 1990, 133; De Carolis and
Patricelli, 2003b, op. cit., 63, 91.
44 D’Ambrosio, 1990, op. cit., 133; A. Civale, ‘Oplontis: The villa of Lucius Crassius Tertius’,in
Tales from an Eruption: Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis: Guide to the Exhibition
, ed. P.
G. Guzzo. Milan: Electa, 2003b, 78.
45 B. Conticello (Superintendent, Pompeii) to E. Lazer, 1994, personal communication; C.
Griffiths (New South Wales Institute of Forensic Science, Sydney) to E. Lazer, 1994,
personal communication.
46 D’Ambrosio, 1990, op. cit., 133.
47 D.R. Brothwell,
Digging up Bones: The Excavation, Treatment and Study of Human Skeletal
Remains
. 3rd edn. London: British Museum (Natural History) & Oxford University Press,
1981/1965, 155.
48 G. Doran (Department of Anatomy & Histology, The University of Sydney, Australia) to
E. Lazer, 1994, personal communication; Griffiths, 1994, op. cit.
49 Caries cavities could be observed on the upper right second premolar, first and second
molars and upper left first molar. Griffiths, 1994, op. cit.
50 Carious lesions that involved the entire crown were observed on the upper right second
premolar and the upper left first molar. Griffiths, 1994, op. cit.
51 M. Houang (Radiologist, St Luke’s Hospital, Sydney) to E. Lazer, 1994, personal communication; C. Roberts, ‘Trauma and treatment in the British Isles in the historic period:
A design for multidisciplinary research’,in
Human Palaeopathology: Current Syntheses and
Future Options
, ed. D.J. Ortner and A.C. Aufderheide. Washington, DC: Smithsonian
Institution Press, 1991, 232.
52 These include the 17 humans that were cast from 1963, the nine individuals that were
cast in the garden of the House of the Cryptoporticus in 1914, plus the 13 that were
produced in the Garden of the Fugitives in 1961. A further 10 victims were cast between
1958 and the mid-1970s in the
Casa del Bracciale d
’
Oro, Casa di Ma. Castricius
and the
Villa of M. Fabius Rufus. A number of casts were made of the 21 bodies that were found
outside the Porta Nola between 1908 and 1911 and ten bodies were cast from the ten
bodies found in August 1989 in Insula 22 of Region 1. De Carolis et al, 1998, op. cit.,
77; García y García, 2006, op. cit., 188–95.