Red Mutiny (54 page)

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Under his command:
Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
pp. 49–50.
He had ordered:
Inozemtsev, p. 75.
Supply officer Makarov: 1905 god,
p. 210; Nevsky, p. 232; TsGAVMF, f. 1025, op. 2, d. 35, p. 149; Weinberg, p. 129.

CHAPTER 5

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Two bells struck:
interview with Igor Kozyr; Novikoff-Priboy, p. 141; Pleshakov, pp. 119–20; Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
pp. 20–21.

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As the sun rose:
Berezovsky, p. 41; Nevsky, p. 230; Lychev, p. 52.
"
Attention! Present arms!":
interview with Igor Kozyr; Pleshakov, pp. 119–20.
As Golikov disappeared:
Berezovsky, p. 41; Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
p. 16; Ponomarev, pp. 73–74; Matyushenko, p. 294.
It was an unusually hot: Journal de St. Petersburg,
June 15, 1905.
"
Don'tyou remember":
Berezovsky, p. 41.

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Several others cursed:
ibid.; TsGAVMF, f. 1025, op. 2, d. 35, p. 149; Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
pp. 15–17.
Tall, trim, and through-and-through:
Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
p. 16; Melnikov.
"
Now. What's all this":
Berezovsky, pp. 41–42; Matyushenko, p. 293; TsGAVMF, f. 1025, op. 2, d. 35, p. 149.

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Later that morning:
Berezovsky, pp. 42–43; Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
p. 36; Ponomarev, p. 73; Bogachev, p. 39; Zebroski, pp. 216–17. There is some discrepancy in the accounts as to when this discussion took place on the ship. Gavrilov and Ponomarev suggest that they had this discussion immediately on the return of the torpedo boat at 5
A.M.
But the sailor revolutionaries could not have known of the widespread response about the tainted meat until after the morning striking of the colors, when the sailors had a chance to inspect it on their own and then received word from Smirnov that nothing would be done about it. In Berezovsky's memoir, he accounts for this meeting after the confrontation with Dr. Smirnov, which the author has decided is the most likely scenario.
A couple of years before:
Berezovsky, p. 44.
"
First in St. Petersburg":
Ponomarev, p. 73.
With each passing day:
Bogachev, p. 39.

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 "
We won't eat":
Berezovsky, p. 42.
Even Golikov had complained:
Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
p. 18; Kovalenko, p. 47;
Master Roll,
pp. 63–64; TsGAVMF, f. 417, op. 2, d. 786, p. 80; Emelin, p. 69.
Gilyarovsky came across:
Matyushenko, p. 293;
New York Herald Tribune,
June 30, 1905.
"
Why aren't you serving":
Matyushenko, p. 294; Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
p. 19.

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 "
The crew refuses":
Kovalenko, p. 89.
"
We have to teach":
TsGAVMF, f. 1025, op. 2, d. 17, p. 46; Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
p. 37.
Golikov called Dr. Smirnov:
Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
p. 21; Kovalenko, pp. 89–90.

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The sailors stood stiffly:
Matyushenko, p. 294; Berezovsky, pp. 45–46; Zebroski, p. 220; Feldmann, p. 34; Nevsky, p. 233; Lychev, p. 54; Bogachev, pp. 47–48.

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 "
It seems you":
ibid.

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Matyushenko knew:
Berezovsky, p. 46.
A few boatswains:
Feldmann, p. 34.
As long as they stayed:
Matyushenko, p. 294.
"
Come on!":
Berezovsky, p. 46.
"
Eat it yourself":
Kardashev,
Burevestniki revolyutsii,
p. 17.
Golikov looked out:
Matyushenko, p. 294, Feldmann, pp. 34–35; Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
p. 24; Bogachev, p. 54; Lychev, p. 54; Berezovsky, pp. 46–47. Concerning this stage of the mutiny, the sources contradict one another as to whether the sailors held fast in their protest or began to break ranks. It is clear from Matyushenko's memoir that the sailor-revolutionaries made their move once it began to look as if they were being singled out. If the crew remained together, this seemed unlikely to have occurred. Therefore, the author believes Matyushenko moved to the turret once it looked as if the sailors were beginning to follow Golikov's command.

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Trying to stop complete:
Berezovsky, p. 47.
"
Those who record":
Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
p. 38.
"
So it's mutiny":
Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
p. 25.
The order sent:
Berezovsky, pp. 48–49.
by regulation:
Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
p. 22.
While several guards:
Berezovsky, p. 48; Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
p. 38; Feldmann, p. 36; Matyushenko, p. 294;
1905 god,
p. 211; TsGIA(M), f. 102, op. 00, d. 1667, p. 279; Platonov, p. 47; Ponomarev, pp. 75–76; Nevsky, p. 233; Lychev, p. 54. In most popular Russian accounts and sailor memoirs published after the release of Sergei Eisenstein's film, the tarpaulin was brought forward and thrown over the sailors, who then awaited death. However, sailor testimony and memoirs prior to the film recorded the order to bring forward the tarpaulin but made no mention of its covering the sailors and/or being placed on the deck. In Eisenstein's memoir, he makes it clear that the use of the tarpaulin to cover the sailors was entirely his invention and that consulting Russian officers had told him that this never would have been done. The tarpaulin would have been ordered solely to prevent blood from staining the deck. Nonetheless, Eisenstein went ahead with the dramatic image, and this has obviously influenced sailors' memories and histories of this event ever since. The Russian historian Gavrilov was the first to question the validity of the tarpaulin myth, and the author has carefully looked through memoirs and court-martial testimony and agrees that the canvas was never used in the way it has been popularized. Nonetheless, calling for the tarpaulin to cover the deck is equally chilling by any standard.

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 "
Those who will":
Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
p. 25.
"
Sir, don't shoot":
Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
p. 39.
The rage that had gathered:
Matyushenko, pp. 294–95.
"
Brothers! What are they doing":
ibid., p. 295; Bogachev, p. 39.
Matyushenko and Vakulenchuk: Matyushenko, p. 295; TsGAVMF, f. 1025, op. 2, d. 35, p. 149; Bogachev, pp. 39–40.

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 "
What are you doing?":
Matyushenko, p. 296.
This was the decisive:
ibid. This is a paraphrase of Matyushenko's description of this critical moment during the mutiny, one whose import he knew was life or death.

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Then Gilyarovsky ordered:
ibid.; Bogachev, pp. 40–56; Nevsky, p. 234; Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
p. 39; Kardashev,
Burevestniki revolyutsii,
p. 13 (sailor court-martial records). As with other details of these confusing moments, memoirs and histories contradict one another. Some place Vakulenchuk as part of the guard detail or underneath the tarpaulin itself. Others had shots fired first, then the move to the armory. In this case, the author has relied on Matyushenko's account of the events, which is aligned most closely with court-martial documents.
They hesitated:
Bogachev, p. 40; Feldmann, p. 35.

PART II

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 "
A man-of-war":
Karsten, p. 140.
"
I'm awfully fond":
Gorky, as quoted in Maynard, p. 19.

CHAPTER 6

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For the summer:
Barkovets, p. 17; King, G., pp. 206–9; Massie,
Peter the Great,
p. 610; Lieven, p. 62; Hall, p. 92.
Nicholas began each day:
Elchaninov, pp. 11–15; Verner, p. 62; Massie,
Nicholas and Alexandra,
pp. 111–22; King, G., pp. 214–15.

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The rest of his day:
Romanov, N., June 14, 1905. The schedule detailed for June 14 was typical for Nicholas II, as conveyed in earlier references. However, for accuracy's sake, it is worth mentioning that in the afternoon of this day, Nicholas took his daughter Marie on a special picnic for her birthday. Nonetheless, the schedule did not deviate to any great degree.
The conservative: Novoye Vremya,
June 14, 1905.

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Nicholas preferred:
Balmuth, p. 238.
The uncensored truth: Daily Telegraph,
June 27–28, 1905;
Washington Post,
June 27–28, 1905.
The first of the Romanovs:
Lieven, pp. 1–7; Figes, pp. 6–7.

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For more than 250 years:
ibid.
Alexander III took easily:
Lieven, pp. 23–25; Warth, pp. 1–3.
A timid, small boy:
Figes, pp. 16–17; Warth, p. 4; Massie,
Nicholas and Alexandra,
pp. 13–15.

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From a young age:
Warth, pp. 5–6.

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A gaunt figure:
Byrnes, p. 312; Essad-Bey, pp. 10–12; Massie,
Nicholas arid Alexandra,
p. 14.
At their conclusion:
Essad-Bey, p. 13.
Nicholas preferred:
Figes, pp. 17–19; Essad-Bey, p. 19; Warth, pp. 6–8.

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 "
Sandro, what am I going":
Romanov, A., pp. 168–69.
"
The heir is":
Ascher, p. 14.
At twenty-six years:
Essad-Bey, pp. 69–73; Lincoln,
In War's Dark Shadow,
pp. 282–83; Salisbury, pp. 56–57.

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 "
It has come to":
Vassili, pp. 254–55.
"
Nicholas spent the first":
Essad-Bey, p. 87.
The tsar's wife, Alix:
Figes, p. 20.

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First, he refused:
ibid., pp. 21–23; Warth, pp. 24–25; Romanov, A., pp. 138–39; Verner, p. 57.
"
There were as many":
Urossov, p. 137.
"
The Sovereign listens":
Warth, p. 34.
Alexander III had pushed:
Salisbury, p. 43.
Their peasant families:
Olgin, p. 32.
The landed nobles:
Figes, pp. 35–54.

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The great famine of 1891:
ibid., pp. 158–61; Walkin, p. 186.
In the aftermath:
Figes, pp. 164–65.
"
The power of revolution":
Walkin, p. 186.
And some
zemstvos
nobles:
ibid., p. 192.
Plehve, his reactionary interior minister:
Judge, p. 234.

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the tsar's selection:
Ascher, pp. 55–66; Verner, p. 113; Figes, pp. 171–73.
A month later:
Salisbury, pp. 120–27; Sablinsky, pp. 344–47.

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 "
I adhere to autocracy":
Verner, p. 113.
"
a sergeant major":
Harcave,
Memoirs of Count Witte,
p. 132.
The first castigated:
Gurko, pp. 368–69.
Over the next three:
Figes, p. 191; Harcave,
First Blood,
pp. 144–50.
"
The war has been":
Lenin,
Collected Works,
vol. 8, p. 483.

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 "
We talked while":
Stockdale, p. 136.
"
Peace at all costs":
Ascher, p. 129.
"
For 200 years we": Daily Telegraph,
May 19, 1905.
"
There is no time": Manchester Guardian,
May 19, 1905.
"
I don't even have":
Esthus, p. 38.
"
ends the chances":
Don Levine, p. 172.
"
The time has come":
Oldenburg, p. 130; Morison, p. 1206.

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 "
It is essential":
Pares, p. 82; Oldenburg, pp. 132–33; Fischer, G., pp. 189–91; Galai, pp. 251–53.
"
I personally do not": Dispatches from U.S. Consuls,
letter dated February 9, 1905, from Mr. Ethebert Watts to Frank Loomis, assistant secretary of state.
On June 14, as Nicholas:
Romanov, N., June 14, 1905.

CHAPTER
7

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On the
Potemkin: Rose, "Mutiny on the
Potemkin
"
But that afternoon:
Matyushenko, p. 296; Berezovsky, pp. 51–53; Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
pp. 39–42; Feldmann, p. 36; Nevsky, p. 234; Lychev, pp. 55–56; Vorres, p. 34.

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 "
I know you":
Matyushenko, p. 296.

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 "
Enough of this":
Lychev, p. 55.
He also sent:
Vilensky, p. 30.
"
Hunt them all down!":
Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
p. 29.
In contrast:
Nevsky, p. 260; Kovalenko, p. 90.
In the midst:
Berezovsky, p. 52.

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Slim, with a clean-shaven:
Kovalenko, p. 88;
Osvobozhdeniye,
July 6, 1905.
A Ukrainian nationalist:
Subtelny, p. 296.
Kovalenko looked around:
Kovalenko, p. 90.
"
This would never":
ibid., p. 91.

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Within seconds:
ibid., pp. 91–93.
Barricaded within:
Nevsky, p. 262.
A group of sailors found:
Kardashev,
Burevestniki revolyutsii,
p. 22.
"
Let me die":
Matyushenko, p. 298; TsGAVMF, f. 1025, op. 2, d. 35, p. 150; Bogachev, p. 60; Lychev, pp. 57–58.
Down in the coal-hold:
Vilensky, pp. 32–34.

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Torpedo officer:
Berezovsky, p. 54; Matyushenko, p. 297; Feldmann, p. 37; Zebroski, p. 231.
"
We haven't found":
Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
p. 33.

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Then a sailor:
Lychev, p. 56; TsGAVMF, f. 1025, op. 2, d. 17, pp. 24–25.
"
Man the guns":
Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
p. 38.
Lieutenant Pyotr Klodt:
Berezovsky, p. 58.
"
What can we":
ibid.
The forty-one-year-old:
Melnikov;
Nominal Roll,
p. 168.