Red Mutiny (53 page)

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 "
It's not possible":
Zadneprovsky and Sokolov, pp. 6–7.
There was a world:
Kardashev, "Novyye Svedeniya."

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Several months later:
Zadneprovsky and Sokolov, pp. 7–8; Matyushenko, pp. 285–92; Kanatchikov, pp. 1–200; Reichman, pp. 90–108. Little is known of Matyushenko's life in the Far East other than the bare facts of
where and how long he lived in Vladivostok. I have drawn elements of his thought process from his writings about the oppression of workers, as well as sentiments expressed in the autobiography of Kanatchikov, whose background was remarkably similar to Matyushenko's. Kanatchikov brilliantly expressed his thoughts in his book.

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 "
We're not even":
Figes, p. 116.
They invited him:
Zadneprovsky and Sokolov, p. 8; Pyatnitsky, p. 17; Rice, pp. 42–46.

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These nobles:
Figes, p. 123. Orlando Figes's
A People's Tragedy
is one of the best books written on the development of the Russian Revolution, including its section on the history of revolutionary thought in Russia.
Early radicals:
ibid., pp. 131–41; Wolfe, pp. 24–27, 91–94; Deutscher, pp. 1–4; Pipes,
Russian Revolution,
pp. 135–43.
But Russia had not:
Figes, p. 146; Baron, pp. 262–63; Wolfe, pp. 91–94.

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Never a cohesive group:
Figes, pp. 148–50; Shanin, pp. 216–19; Wolfe, p. 120.
A young firebrand:
Figes, pp. 149–52; Wolfe, pp. 289–97; Gurko, pp. 389–91; Getzler, p. 70.

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In an abstract way:
Zadneprovsky and Sokolov, p. 8.
Bound by conscription laws:
Lychev, pp. 15–17; Kanatchikov, p. 159; Joubert, pp. 69–70; Subtelny, pp. 202–3.
"
naked, exposed, and trembling":
Kanatchikov, p. 159.
The next day:
Lychev, pp. 16–17; Zadneprovsky and Sokolov, p. 9.

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 "
Ipromise and do":
Figes, p. 55.
"
dislodge every last":
Lychev, p. 21.
First he became:
Wildman, p. 35; Figes, p. 57; Lychev, pp. 18–20; McNeal, p. 90; Zadneprovsky and Sokolov, pp. 11–12.
In the Russian navy:
Fedorov, p. 11.

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 "
Breakfast of porridge":
TsGAVMF, f. 417, op. 2, d. 771, p. 3.
At dinner, the borscht:
Nevsky, p. 24.
If a sailor complained:
TsGAVMF, f. 417, op. 2, d. 771, p. 4.
In the six hours:
Wildman, p. 35; Figes, p. 57; Lychev, pp. 18–20.
Almost to a rule:
Manning, pp. 30–34; Fuller, pp. 13–15.
Those who chose:
Zebroski, pp. 70–100. Zebroski's dissertation on the Black Sea Fleet reveals great sociological insight into the struggles between sailors and officers within the Russian navy.
Naturally, there was plenty:
Bushnell,
The Tsarist Officer Corps.
One of the best studies on the subject.
Many officers were boorish:
Naida,
Voyennyye moryaki,
p. 414.
Matyushenko weathered:
Zadneprovsky and Sokolov, p. 13; Selivanov,
Matros Matyushenko,
p. 9; Zebroski, p. 119.

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Just like the radical:
Figes, p. 114.
He despised how peasants:
Matyushenko, pp. 285–90; Zebroski, pp. 477–88.
Ivan Yakhnovsky had:
Ponomarev, pp. 11–16; Platonov, pp. 137–45; Vilensky, pp. 23–27.
The Russian navy required:
Saul, pp. 16–17; Zebroski, pp. 37–60.

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Furthermore, the nature:
Zebroski, p. 54.
He openly befriended:
Zadneprovsky and Sokolov, pp. 13–14; Ponomarev, p. 53.
"
What truth could":
Matyushenko, p. 291. This quotation is from the beginning of Matyushenko's account of the
Potemkin
mutiny, a long essay about the exploitation of workers, peasants, and sailors and how difficult it is to discover the source of freedom and equality within a system focused on suppressing the same. The author has taken the liberty of drawing from this to exemplify the passionate talks Matyushenko gave.
Matyushenko energetically took:
Melnikov, p. 147.
They smuggled aboard:
Lychev, pp. 28–32; Nevsky, p. 320; Platonov, pp. 31–32.

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The leaders of each:
Lychev, p. 32; Platonov, p. 34; Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
pp. 21–25.
Throughout, Matyushenko maintained:
Lychev, p. 60; Ponomarev, p. 53.
Much of Tsentralka's work:
Berezovsky, p. 23.
"
To me every party":
Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
p. 51.
Once when a petty officer:
Ponomarev, p.
53.

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 "
he would go through fire":
ibid.
With his distinguished:
ibid.
When Matyushenko and the others:
ibid., p. 66.
Crew members:
Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
p. 34; Feldmann, p. 31; Ponomarev, p. 24; Fedorov, pp. 150–51. The percentage of politically reliable sailors aboard the
Potemkin
has been an item of debate since the mutiny itself. Even the government, after an intensive investigation, could never arrive at a specific list. Numbers ranged from as few as fifty to as many as four hundred. Matyushenko declared once that "there are three hundred socio-democrats ready to die" aboard the
Potemkin.
Taking arguments from several sources, the author came to an approximation of two hundred sympathetic sailors, fifty devoted ardently to the cause.
"
self-seekers":
Lychev, p. 33.
The next day:
Ponomarev, p. 66; Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
pp. 29–33.

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Late that evening:
Platonov, pp. 42–44; TsGIA, f. 102, op. 00, d. 1667, pp. 278–79; Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
p. 32; Feldmann, pp. 30–31; Berezovsky, pp. 37–39.

CHAPTER 3

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Down in the bowels:
TsGAVMF, f. 1025, op. 2, d. 35, p. 149; Kardashev,
Burevestniki revolyutsy,
p. 8; Berezovsky, p. 36; Nevsky, p. 259.
The cavernous engine room:
Massie,
Dreadnought,
p. 475; Grand Duke Cyril, pp. 47–48; Novikoff-Priboy, pp. 215–16.
"
Anchor is starting!":
interview with Igor Koyzr.
Fifty-one years old: Master Roll,
pp. 606–9; TsGAVMF, f. 417, op. 5, d. 361, p. 13–31; ibid., f. 432, op. 5, d. 5783, pp. 13–31.
"
Remember, the hour":
Berezovsky, p. 34.

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The day before: ibid., p. 33.
Meanwhile, three ofGolikov's:
Nevsky, p. 231.
A crowd had assembled:
TsGAVMF, f. 1025, op. 2, d. 35, p. 149; Kardashev,
Burevestniki revolyutsy,
p. 8; Berezovsky, p. 36; Nevskii, p. 259.
The
Potemkin
moved:
British Admiralty, pp. 242–47.

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Ever since the Minoans:
Mitchell, D., pp. 26–29; George, J., pp. 11–65; Karsten, p. 340; O'Connell, p. 66; Spector, R., pp. 46, 22–23.
Nicholas doubled:
Mitchell, D., pp. 192–203; Mitchell, M., p. 320.
The battleship
Potemkin: Melnikov, Part I. Melnikov provides the best description of the construction and armament of the battleship
Potemkin,
absolutely superior to any other source in terms of the ship's physical characteristics.

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The
Potemkin
was:
Anthony, p. 8.
In October 1903:
Melnikov, Part I.
Born into a high-ranking: Master Roll,
pp. 606–9; TsGAVMF, f. 417, op. 5, d. 361, pp. 13–31; TsGAVMF, f. 432, op. 5, d. 5783, pp. 13–31.
At that time, professors:
Ignatyev, p. 269.
He studied mathematics:
Plotto, n.p.

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In his new position:
Platonov, p. 15; Jane, pp. 472–73.
"
half-educated Godless traitors":
TsGAVMF, f. 920, op. 6, d. 410, p. 269.
Golikov was told:
ibid., p. 270; Fedorov, p. 21.
"
So to arms":
TsGAVMF, f. 243, op. 1, d. 9731, p. 117.

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An old campaigner:
Plotto; Belomor.
"
revolutionary hooligans":
TsGAVMF, f. 928, op. 6, d. 410, p. 71; ibid., f. 417, op. 1, d. 3457, p. 94.
Four months into:
TsGIA, f. 102, op. 5, 1905, pp. 104–6; Platonov, p. 18; Feldmann, pp. 26–28.
Thirty-six sailors:
Fedorov, pp. 15–25; Bogachev,p. 165.
Those suspected:
Zebroski, p. 167; TsGAVMF, f. 243, op. 1, d. 9731, p. 244.

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 "
mighty victory":
Platonov, p. 149.
"
pernicious traitors":
Belomor, pp. 164–68.
When Chukhnin sent hundreds:
TsGAVMF, f. 417, op. 4, d. 6826, p. 1.
As Chukhnin noted: Washington Post,
December 25,1904.
"
in ten days":
Guttridge, p. 74.

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Chukhnin was burdened:
Berezovsky, p. 31.
Few sailors escaped:
ibid, p. 14; Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
p. 18.
"
It took nine years":
Nevsky, p. 229.
"
This is what happens":
Berezovsky, p. 32.
Decorated for bravery:
Kovalenko, p. 47;
Master Roll,
pp. 63–64; TsGAVMF, f. 417, op. 2, d. 786, p. 80; Emelin, p. 69.

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 "
Doyou know":
Berezovsky, pp. 14–15.
Late that night:
Melnikov, p. 149.
Then they turned:
Naida,
Voyennyye moryaki,
p. 85; Zadneprovsky and Sokolov, p. 12; Feldmann, p. 32; Platonov, p. 13.

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 "
Taking care":
Berezovsky, pp. 30–31.
"
It's not the tsar's":
Ponomarev, pp. 69–70.
Because of the firing:
Nevsky, p. 259.
"
We've got to start":
Ponomarev, p. 70.

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One of nine children:
ibid., p. 7.
"
If I'm to suffer":
ibid., p. 19.
"
Believe Vakulenchuk":
Lychev, p. 25.
One afternoon, the mounted police:
ibid., pp. 26–27.

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The ship's movement:
Melnikov, p. 149.
"
stars of the nation":
Pleshakov, p. 117.

CHAPTER 4

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Early morning on June 13:
Kovalenko, p. 88; Nevsky, pp. 231–32,259.
Apart from a black-and-white-banded:
British Admiralty, pp. 225–27.
Connected to the Mediterranean:
King, C., pp. 5–17; Ascherson, pp. 2–7.
Called Pontos Axeinos:
King, C., p. xi.
"
Import a typhoon":
Washburn, pp. 73–74.

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On these perilous waters:
Mitchell, M., pp. 143–44.
Golikov sent an ensign:
Nevsky, pp. 231–32, 259; TsGAVMF, f. 1025, op. 2., d. 35, p. 149;
1905 god,
p. 210.
One among them:
Ponomarev, p. 60.
The
Ismail
steamed:
Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
p. 35. Most sources refer to the torpedo boat as No. 267, its official designation by the Black Sea Fleet. For ease of reading, I have chosen to use its former name.
The port district hummed:
Herlihy, p. 194.

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In 1794, only a Tatar:
King, C., p. 163; Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
p. 42.
Connecting the port:
Herlihy, p. 140; Ascherson, pp. 142–43.
Over the decades:
Weinberg, p. 1. Robert Weinberg's
The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa
and Patricia Herlihy's
Odessa: A History, 1794–1914
offer two of the best English-language examinations of Odessa, and I highly recmmend that readers investigate these books for further details on the history and social framework of this fascinating city.

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 "
the Russian jostles":
Herlihy, p. 123.

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Despite its cosmopolitan:
Weinberg, p. 22.
Impressive colonnaded mansions:
Herlihy, p. 194.
"
Could we even":
Isaac Babel, as quoted in Herlihy, p. 128.
Overall, those of the Jewish faith:
Weinberg, p. 11.
Although thousands had:
ibid., pp. 18–19; Herlihy, pp. 253–57.
Similarly, police:
Herlihy, p. 304; Inozemtsev, pp. 75–76. In numerous reports from this period, time and again officials targeted the Jews as responsible for the unrest. In this latter reference from the Red Archive, General Kakhanov, the military commander of Odessa, blames Jewish individuals for the early June unrest five times in the span of two pages.

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Furthermore, the revolutionaries:
Gavrilov,
V borbe za svobodu,
pp. 55–58; Platonov, pp. 56–60; Keep,
The Rise of Social Democracy in Russia,
pp. 74–75,161–75.
Although Odessan revolutionaries:
Feldmann, pp. 3–5; Nevsky, pp. 8–13; Weinberg, pp. 110–14.
Then in May:
Nevsky, pp. 15–16; Weinberg, pp. 115–20.
Their frustrations peaking:
Berezovsky, pp. 64–65; Weinberg, p. 127.

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 "
Down with the police!":
ibid.; Nevsky, pp. 19–20; Berezovsky, pp. 69–70.
The night before: Revolyutsionny bronenosets,
p. 29.
At 8
A.M
., Anatoly:
Berezovsky, pp. 67–70; TsGIA(M), f. 102, op. 00, d. 1667, pp. 29–30.
Walking farther:
Berezovsky, pp. 70–72.

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This factory employed:
Weinberg, p. 128.
An hour later: Russkiye Vedomosti,
June 21, 1905; Berezovsky, pp. 72–76; Feldmann, pp. 5–6; Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
pp. 50–51; Ponomarev, pp. 72–73. This entire scene, including the dialogue and excerpted descriptions, is drawn from these sources.

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Behind the high walls:
Inozemtsev, pp. 74–76; Hough,
Potemkin Mutiny,
pp. 49–50.
At sixty-three years of age: Russky Invalid,
August 19,1908.
Since the beginning:
Inozemtsev, pp. 74–75.