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8. Modern Economics of Peace and Peacemaking

  1
C. von Clausewitz,
On War
, trans. J. Graham (Penguin, 1982), 197.
  2
Le Roman politique sur l'état présent des affaires de l'Amérique ou Lettres de M * * * à M * * * sur les moyens d'établir une paix solide et durable dans les Colonies et la Liberté générale de Commerce Extérieur
(Amsterdam, 1756), 332.
  3
J. Necker,
De l'Administration des finances de la France
(Dijon, 1784), vol. III, ch. 36, n.p.
  4
L. Loubère,
Louis Blanc: His Life and His Contribution to the Rise of French Jacobin-Socialism
(Northwestern, 1961), 67.
  5
A. Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
(Collier, 1909), 445.
  6
J. Bentham, “Principles of International Law,” in
The Works of Jeremy Bentham
, vol. 8 (Tait, 1839), 552.
  7
Ibid., 556.
  8
J. Bentham,
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
(Clarendon, 1879), 2.
  9
Ibid., 215.
10
D. Ricardo,
On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
(Murray, 1821), 153.
11
J. Mill,
Principles of Political Economy, with Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy,
vol. 2 (Appleton, 1897), 136.
12
H. Paul,
A History of Modern England
, vol. 4 (Macmillan, 1905), 85.
13
G. Schmoller,
The Mercantile System and its Historical Significance
(Kelley, 1989), 78–9.
14
F. Bastiat, “Harmonies économiques,”
Œuvres complètes
, vol. 6 (Guillaumin et Cie, Paris, 1864), 385.
15
L. Walras, “La paix par la justice sociale et le libre échange,” Œ
uvres complètes
, vol. 7 (Economica, 1907), 467–70, p. 467.
16
F. Coulomb,
Economic Theories of Peace and War
(Routledge, 2004), 58.
17
H. Saint-Simon,
Selected Writings on Science, Industry, and Social Organization
, ed. K. Taylor (Holmes and Meier, 1975), 34.
18
Ibid., 36.
19
G. Hegel,
Philosophy of Right
, trans. T. Knox (Clarendon, 1942), 215.
20
D. Moellendorf, “Marxism, Internationalism, and the Justice of War,”
Science and Society
, 58:3 (1994), 264–86.
21
Coulomb,
Economic Theories of Peace and War
121.
22
J. Monnerot,
Sociology and Psychology of Communism
(Boston: Beacon, 1953), 27.
23
G. Woodcock,
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: A Biography
(Routledge, 1956), 278.
24
H. Clegg,
A New Approach to Industrial Democracy
(Blackwell, 1960), 20.
25
J. Dunlop,
Collective Bargaining: Principles and Cases
(Irwin, 1949), 32.
26
D. Cole,
The Quest for Industrial Peace
(McGraw-Hill, 1963), 67, 96.
27
Ibid.
28
Ibid., 98.

9. Peace in the Twentieth Century, Part I: 1900–1945

  1
G. Herman,
The Pivotal Conflict: A Comprehensive Chronology of the First World War, 1914–1919
(Greenwood, 1992), ix; R. Pearce, “The Origins of the First World War,”
History Review
, 27 (1997), 12–31, p. 21.
  2
J. Choate,
The Two Hague Conferences
(Princeton, 1913), 9.
  3
B. Adams,
Nothing of Importance: A Record of Eight Months at the Front with a Welsh Battalion, October 1915 to June 1916
(Stevenage, 1988), 303.
  4
J. Rae,
Conscience and Politics
(Oxford, 1970), 250.
  5
J.
Atkin, A War of Individuals: Bloomsbury Attitudes to the Great War
(Manchester, 2002), 3.
  6
B. Russell, “
The Philosophy of Pacifism,” Collected Papers
vol. 13, ed. R. Rempel
et al
. (Allen and Unwin, 1985), 147–8.
  7
N. Griffin, ed.,
The Selected Letters of Bertrand Russell: The Public Years, 1914–1970
(Routledge, 2002), 260.
  8
B. Hamann,
Bertha von Suttner: A Life for Peace
, trans. A. Dubsky (Syracuse, 1996), xv.
  9
J. Addams,
Peace and Bread in Time of War
(Macmillan, 1922), 8.
10
G. Bussey,
Women's International League for Peace and Freedom: 1915–1965
(Allen and Unwin, 1965), 163.
11
S. Weil, “Reflections on War,” in
Formative Writings
(University of Massachusetts, 1988), 224.
12
N. Mandela, “The Sacred Warrior,”
Time Magazine
, 100 Person of the twentieth Century
www.time.com/time/time100/poc/magazine/the_sacred_warrior13a.html
accessed June 1, 2008.
13
United Nations, Sixty-first General Assembly Plenary, 103
rd
Meeting (AM), June 15, 2007, GA/10601.
14
R. Baker,
Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement
(Doubleday, 1922), 23–42.
15
A. Link,
Wilson the Diplomatist
(New Viewpoints, 1974), 122.
16
Covenant of the League of Nations, Article 3.
17
Biography for the Nobel Peace Prize,
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1925/chamberlain-bio.html
accessed October 27, 2007.
18
G. Craig,
Germany, 1866–1945
(Clarendon, 1978), 685.
19
Andre François-Poncet, after a conversation with Adolf Hitler, ibid., 689.
20
J. Vinson,
The Parchment Peace
(University of Georgia, 1950).
21
W. Willoughby,
China at the Conference: A Report
(Johns Hopkins, 1922), 43.
22
M. Hudson,
The Verdict of the League: China and Japan in Manchuria
(World Peace Foundation, 1933), 15–16.

10. Peace in the Twentieth Century, Part II: 1945–1989

  1
P. Hejl, “Communication and Social Systems: Evolutionary and Developmental Aspects,” in
Human by Nature: Between Biology and the Social Sciences
, eds P. Weingart
et al
. (Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997), 392–417, p. 407.
  2
A. Parsons,
From Cold War to Hot Peace: UN Interventions 1946–1994
(Penguin, 1994).
  3
“The Russell-Einstein Manifesto” (1955), Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs
www.pugwash.org/about/manifesto.htm
accessed June 1, 2008.
  4
In I. Abrams
et al
.,
Nobel Lectures: Peace, 1951–1970
(World Scientific, 1999), 262.
  5
L. Pauling,
No More War!
(Dodd, 1958), vii.
  6
USA Today/CNN Gallup Poll
www.usatoday.com/news/polls/2005–11–15-iraq-poll.htm
accessed June 1, 2008.
  7
“Declaration of Conscience Against the War in Vietnam” in S. and A. Lynd, eds,
Nonviolence in America: A Documentary History
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1965), 270–1.
  8
T. Dupuy and G. Hammerman, eds,
A Documentary History of Arms Control and Disarmament
(Bowker, 1973), 470–471.
  9
D. Whittaker,
United Nations in Action
(UCL, 1995), 243.
10
R. Launius,
Frontiers of Space Exploration
(Greenwood, 1998), 9.
11
D. Eisenhower, British Broadcasting System television interview, August 3, 1959.
12
B. Epstein,
Political Protest and Cultural Revolution: Nonviolent Direct Action in the 1970s and 80s
(University of California, 1991), ch. 3.
13
E. P. Thompson, “1980s,”
The Nation
(January 10, 2000), 44.
14
P. Kelly, “Women and Ecology,” in
Women on War: Essential Voices for the Nuclear Age
, ed. D. Gioseffi (Simon and Schuster, 1988), 309–316, p. 312.
15
M. Gorbachev,
Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World
(Harper and Row, 1987), 247.
16
R. Thakur,
Peacekeeping in Vietnam: Canada, India, Poland, and the International Commission
(University of Alberta, 1984), 50.
17
L. M. Goodrich and E. Hambro,
Charter of the United Nations: Commentary and Documents
(World Peace Foundation, 1946), 53.
18
Ibid., 334.
19
J. Humphrey,
Human Rights and the United Nations: A Great Adventure
(Transnational, 1983), 53.
20
Charter of the United Nations, Article 13.
21
Statutes of the International Law Commission, Article 1,
http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/statute/statute_e.pdf
accessed June 1, 2008.
22
M. King Jr.,
Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story
(Harper and Brothers, 1958), 217.
23
L. Eades,
The End of Apartheid in South Africa
(Greenwood, 1999), p. 159.
24
D. Tutu,
God Has a Dream: A Vision of Hope for Our Time
(Random House, 2005), 120.

11. The Presents of Peace

  1
F. Fukuyama, “The End of History?,”
The National Interest
, 16 (1989), 2–18, p. 3.
  2
J. Derrida,
Specters of Marx
, trans. P. Kamuf (Routledge, 1994), 9.
  3
C. Kinnvall, “Analyzing the Global-Local Nexus, in
Globalization and Democratization in Asia: The Construction of Identity
, eds C. Kinnvall and K. Jönsson (Routledge, 2002), 1–19, p. 5.
  4
B. Russett,
Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World
(Princeton, 1993).
  5
W. Perdue,
Terrorism and the State: A Critique of Domination through Fear
(Praeger, 1989), 198.
  6
T. Friedman,
The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization
(Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000), 248; and
The World is Flat: A Brief History of the 21
st
Century
(Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 491.
  7
J. Behrman, “Transformation of Society: Implications for Globalization,”
Making Globalization Good: The Moral Challenges of Global Capitalism
, ed. J. Dunning (Oxford, 2003) 108–44, p. 115.
  8
J. Pieterse,
Globalization or Empire?
(Routledge, 2004), 164.
  9
G. Monbiot, “Stronger than Ever,”
Guardian
(28 January, 2003).
10
Europe Solidaire Sans Frontières' website,
www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article472
accessed June 1, 2008.
11
S. Huntington,
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order
(Simon and Schuster, 1996).
12
J. Schmidt and J. Hersh, eds,
Globalization and Social Change
(Routledge, 2000), xiv.
13
T. Adorno,
Critical Models: Interventions and Catchwords
(Columbia, 2005), 247.
14
J. Habermas, “New Social Movements,”
Telos
, 49 (1981), 33.
15
M. Marshall, “Measuring Systemic Peace” (Center for Systemic Peace and George Mason University)
http://www.systemicpeace.org/conflict.htm
accessed June 1, 2008. Graph used with permission.
16
“Global Peace Index,” Vision of Humanity,
www.visionofhumanity.com/introduction/index.php
accessed June 1, 2008.
17
J. Coakley, “The Resolution of Ethnic Conflict: Towards a Typology,”
International Political Science Review
, 13 (1992), 343–58; J. McGarry and B. O'Leary (1993), “Introduction: The Macro-Political Regulation of Ethnic Conflict,” in
The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation: Case Studies of Protracted Ethnic Conflicts
, eds, ibid., (Routledge), 1–40.
18
V. Havel, “Peace: The View from Prague,”
New York Review of Books
(November 21, 1985), 30.
19
Pieterse,
Globalization or Empire
52.
20
UN Peace-Building Commission
http://www.un.org/peace/peacebuilding/index.html
accessed June 1, 2008.
21
“Terrorism,”
The Columbia Encyclopedia
.
22
M. Hardt and A. Negri,
Empire
(Harvard, 2000), 411.
23
S. Benjamin and S. Simon,
The Age of Sacred Terror: Radical Islam's War Against America
(Random House, 2003).
24
E. Vencat, “Giving Peace a Chance: In an Unprecedented Letter, Muslim Leaders Across the Globe Invite the World's Christians to the Table,”
Newsweek
(October 11, 2007),
www.newsweek.com/id/42707/output/print
accessed June 1, 2008.
25
S. McBride, “Nuclear Terrorism,” in
Terrorism and National Liberation
, ed. H. Koechler (Peter Lang, 1988), 35–40, p. 35.
26
N. Smith,
The Endgame of Globalization
(Routledge, 2005), 10. 27 Heavily adapted from J. Darby and R. MacGinty, “The Management of Peace,” in
The Management of Peace Processes
(supra), 253–59.
27
Heavily adapted from J. Darby and R. MacGinty, “The Management of Peace,” in
The Management of Peace Processes
(supra), 253–59.
28
W. Arkin and R. Fieldhouse,
Nuclear Battlefields: Global Links in the Arms Race
(Ballinger, 1985), 2.
29
P. Waterman, “Social Movement Unionism: A New Model for a New World Order?”
Review
16:3. 1993.
30
M. McLuhan,
The Gutenberg Galaxy
(University of Toronto, 1962), 43.
31
M. McLuhan,
Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man
(McGraw Hill, 1964).
32
C. Raab and C. Bellamy, “Electronic Democracy and the ‘Mixed Polity': Symbiosis or Conflict?,” in
Electronic Democracy: Mob
33
Behrman, “Transformation of Society,” 130.

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