Pandora's Keepers (64 page)

23
. Ibid.

24
. Quoted in Davis,
Lawrence and Oppenheimer
, pp. 243–244.

25
. Brigadier General Groves to Major Calvert, June 12, 1943, MEDR, NA.

26
. Lanouette with Silard,
Genius in the Shadows
, p. 242; Arthur Compton to Vannevar Bush, June 1, 1942; and Arthur Compton to Leslie R. Groves, November 13, 1942, BCF, ROSRD, MEDR, NA.

27
. Quoted in Bernstein, “Profiles: Physicist—I,” p. 84.

28
. Herken,
Brotherhood of the Bomb
, p. 15.

29
. Rhodes,
The Making of the Atomic Bomb
, pp. 120–121.

30
. Quoted in Smith and Weiner,
Robert Oppenheimer
, pp. 71–72; and
NYT
, February 19, 1967, p. 66.

31
. Quoted in Goodchild,
J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 15.

32
. See Herbert Smith interview with Charles Weiner, August 1, 1974, OHC, NBL, AIP.

33
. Quoted in Goodchild,
J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 77.

34
. Quoted in
NYT
, February 19, 1967, p. 66.

35
. Quoted in Smith and Weiner,
Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 195.

36
. Robert Oppenheimer to Frank Oppenheimer, Box 294, J. Robert Oppenheimer Papers (hereafter cited as JROP), MDLOC.

37
. Quoted in Smith and Weiner,
Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 143.

38
. Ibid., p. 135.

39
. Author’s interview with Robert Christy, Pasadena, Calif., July 29, 1998.

40
. Quoted in Davis,
Lawrence and Oppenheimer
, p. 103.

41
. Quoted in Smith and Weiner,
Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 135.

42
. Emilio Segrè interview with Charles Weiner and Barry Richman, February 13, 1967, OHC, NBL, AIP.

43
. Author’s interview with Herbert York, La Jolla, Calif., March 12, 2001.

44
. Powers,
Heisenberg’s War
, p. 171.

45
. Libby,
The Uranium People
, pp. 98–99.

46
. Author’s interview with Robert Christy, Pasadena, Calif., July 29, 1998.

47
. Frank Oppenheimer interview with Charles Weiner, February 9, 1973, OHC, NBL, AIP.

48
. Quoted in Goodchild,
J Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 25.

49
. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 8.

50
. Ibid., p. 10.

51
. Quoted in Goodchild,
J. Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 36.

52
. Author’s interview with Rose Bethe and Jane Wilson, Ithaca, N.Y., June 8, 1997.

53
. Quoted in Schweber,
In the Shadow of the Bomb
, p. 108.

54
. Quoted in Davis,
Lawrence and Oppenheimer
, p. 80.

55
. Robert Oppenheimer to Ernest Lawrence, October 2, 1931, in Smith and Weiner,
Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 144.

56
. Ernest O. Lawrence to Arthur Compton, October 17, 1941, EOLP, BL, UCB.

57
. Carl Anderson interview with Harriett Lyle, 1981, California Institute of Technology Oral History Project.

58
. Quoted Jungk,
Brighter than a Thousand Suns
, p. 127.

59
. Hans Bethe interview with Charles Weiner, November 17, 1967, OHC, NBL, AIP.

60
. See Powers,
Heisenberg’s War
, p. 37.

61
. Author’s interview with Hans Bethe, Ithaca, N.Y., June 6, 1997.

62
. Hans Bethe interview with Charles Weiner, November 17, 1967, OHC, NBL, AIP.

63
. “A Conversation with Hans Bethe and Victor Weisskopf,” Cornell University, 1993, videotape copy in Audiovisual Archives (hereafter cited as AA), AIP.

64
. Hans Bethe to Arnold Sommerfeld, May 20, 1947, Sommerfeld Papers, Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany, cited in Schweber,
In the Shadow of the Bomb
.

65
. Quoted in Blumberg and Owens,
Energy and Conflict
, p. 72.

66
. Powers,
Heisenberg’s War
, p. 173.

67
. “A Conversation with Hans Bethe and Robert Wilson,” Cornell University, 1993, videotape copy in AA, AIP.

68
. Quoted in Bernstein,
Hans Bethe
, p. 73.

69
. Robert Oppenheimer to John Manley, July 1, 1942, Accession #A-92–024/2–25, Los Alamos National Laboratory Archives (hereafter cited as LANLA), Los Alamos, N.Mex.

70
. Edward Teller to Enrico Fermi, July 17, 1942, Accession #A-84–019/73–17, in ibid.

71
. Author’s interview with Harold Agnew, Solana Beach, Calif., March 13, 2001.

72
. Quoted in Groueff,
The Manhattan Project
, p. 77.

73
. Ibid.

74
. Quoted in Ackland, “Dawn of the Atomic Age,” p. 12.

75
. Compton,
Atomic Quest
, p. 137.

76
. Ibid., p. 138.

77
. Fermi,
Collected Papers
, p. 270.

78
. Lanouette with Silard,
Genius in the Shadows
, p. 243.

79
. Author’s interview with Robert Christy, Pasadena, Calif., July 29, 1998.

80
. Quoted in Groueff,
The Manhattan Project
, p. 96.

81
. Ibid.

82
. Herbert Anderson, quoted in Wilson,
All in Our Time
, p. 95.

83
. Diary entry, December 2, 1942, CGMPD, CGP, HML.

84
. Libby,
The Uranium People
, p. 126; and Wigner,
Symmetries and Reflections
, p. 240.

85
. Compton,
Atomic Quest
, p. 144.

86
. Anderson, “Fermi, Szilard and Trinity,” p. 45.

87
. Wigner,
Symmetries and Reflections
, pp. 240–241.

88
. Lanouette with Silard,
Genius in the Shadows
, p. 245.

89
. Weart and Szilard,
Leo Szilard
, p. 146.

90
. Author’s interview with Kathleen Manley, Los Alamos, N.Mex., July 21, 1997.

Chapter 5: Los Alamos

1
. Jon Else,
The Day After Trinity
(KTEH-TV, 1980); and I. I. Rabi, “How Well We Meant,” Speech at Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1983, LANLA.

2
. Groves,
Now It Can Be Told
, p. 63.

3
. Quoted in Joseph J. Ermenc, ed.,
Atomic Bomb Scientists: Memoirs, 1939–1945
(Meckler, 1989), p. 257.

4
. Enclosure to Frederick T. Hobbs to H. T. Wensel, June 10, 1942, BCF, ROSRD, MEDR, NA.

5
. Leslie Groves to the District Engineer, United States Engineer Office, Manhattan District, Station F, July 20, 1943, in ibid.

6
. Quoted in Herbert Smith interview with Charles Weiner, August 1, 1974, OHC, NBL, AIP.

7
. Rabi, “How Well We Meant.”

8
. See Robert Oppenheimer to John Manley, November 10, 1942, Accession #A-84–019/63–1, LANLA.

9
. Quoted in Edwin M. McMillan, “Early Days at Los Alamos,” in Badash et al.,
Reminiscences of Los Alamos
, p. 15.

10
. Quoted in Davis,
Lawrence and Oppenheimer
, p. 161.

11
. Quoted in “Julius Robert Oppenheimer” in Charles Montz, ed.,
Current Biography Yearbook, 1964
(H. W. Wilson, 1964), p. 331.

12
. “Reminiscences of Norman E Ramsey,” OHRO, CU.

13
. Franklin D. Roosevelt to J. Robert Oppenheimer, June 29, 1943, Box 62, JROP, MDLOC.

14
. J. R. Oppenheimer to the President, July 9, 1943, Box 36, in ibid.

15
. Author’s interview with Donald Hornig, Cambridge, Mass., May 14, 1998.

16
. Quoted in Jungk,
Brighter than a Thousand Suns
, p. 118.

17
. Quoted in Compton,
Atomic Quest
, p. 113.

18
. Powers,
Heisenberg’s War
, p. 181; and “Reminiscences of Norman F. Ramsey,” OHRO, CU.

19
. See Graph 1 in Hawkins,
Toward Trinity
, p. 483.

20
. Robert Wilson to Henry Smyth, November 27, 1943, Accession #A-84–019/7–7, LANLA.

21
. Major N. E. Davis to Occupants of Dormitory T-187, March 8, 1945, Accession #A-84–019, in ibid.

22
. Elsie McMillan, “Outside the Inner Fence,” in Badash et al.,
Reminiscences of Los Alamos
, p. 43.

23
. Robert Wilson to Henry Smyth, November 27, 1943, Accession #A-84–019/7–7, LANLA.

24
. Author’s interview with Donald Hornig, Cambridge, Mass., May 14, 1998.

25
. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer
, pp. 12 ff.

26
. Author’s interview with Louis Rosen, Los Alamos, N.Mex., July 16, 1997.

27
. Ibid.

28
. Smith and Weiner,
Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 226.

29
. Quoted in Powers,
Heisenberg’s War
, p. 216.

30
. Ibid.

31
. “Reminiscences of Norman F. Ramsey,” OHRO, CU.

32
. Author’s interview with Beverly Agnew, Solana Beach, Calif., March 13, 2001.

33
. Norris Bradbury with Arthur Lawrence Norberg, February 11, 1976, History of Science and Technology Program, BL, UCB.

34
. Author’s interview with Kathleen Manley, Los Alamos, N.Mex., July 21, 1997.

35
. Quoted in Davis,
Lawrence and Oppenheimer
, p. 178.

36
. Quotes are in Blumberg and Owens,
Energy and Conflict
, p. 124.

37
. Author’s interview with Robert Christy, Pasadena, Calif., July 29, 1998.

38
. J. R. Oppenheimer to General L. R. Groves, October 6, 1944, Box 36, JROP, MDLOC.

39
. See I. I. Rabi to Robert Oppenheimer, “Suggestions for Interim Organization and Procedure,” February 10, 1943, Box 59, in ibid.

40
. Quoted in Blumberg and Owens,
Energy and Conflict
, p. 129.

41
. Teller with Shoolery,
Memoirs
, p. 177.

42
. Ibid., pp. 177–178.

43
. Quoted in Smith and Weiner,
Robert Oppenheimer
, p. 273.

44
. Author’s interview with Philip Morrison, Cambridge, Mass., May 18, 1998.

45
. Hans Bethe Personal Papers (hereafter cited as BPP), Ithaca, N.Y.

46
. Author’s interview with Kathleen Manley, Los Alamos, N.Mex., July 21, 1997.

47
. Author’s interview with Hans Bethe, Ithaca, N.Y., June 6, 1997.

48
. Author’s interview with Kay Mark, Los Alamos, N.Mex., July 19, 1997.

49
. Author’s interview with Rose Bethe and Jane Wilson, Ithaca, N.Y., June 8, 1997.

50
. Bernstein, “Profiles: Physicist—II,” p. 53.

51
. Quoted in Rigden,
Rabi
, p. 217.

52
. Quoted by Hans Bethe in ibid., p. 149.

53
. Quoted in Peierls,
Bird of Passage
, p. 192.

54
. Quoted in J. Robert Oppenheimer to I. I. Rabi, February 26, 1943, JROP, MDLOC. Rabi had apparently suggested this to Oppenheimer in a prior letter or conversation.

55
. Author’s interview with Hans Bethe, Ithaca, N.Y., June 6, 1997.