Outlaw Marriages (40 page)

26
.
Sheila Benson, “‘Bostonians,'”
Los Angeles Times
, December 6, 1984, K1; Joseph McLellan, “Literate & Likable,”
Washington Post
, September 22, 1984, D1.

27
. Long,
Films of Merchant Ivory
, 145.

28
.
A Room with a View
was released in 1986.

29
. Long,
Films of Merchant Ivory
, 141–42.

30
. Daniel Day-Lewis won Academy Awards for best actor in 1989's
My Left Foot
and 2007's
There Will Be Blood
.

31
. Harper Barnes, “A Room with a View,”
St. Louis Post-Dispatch
, April 4, 1986, G3; Scott Cain, “E. M. Forster's Fops Are Tops in ‘Room,'”
Atlanta Constitution
, April 25, 1986, P7; Roger Ebert, “A Room With a View,”
Chicago Sun-Times
, April 4, 1986; Rita Kempley, “A Well-Designed Room,”
Washington Post
, April 4, 1986, W29.

32
. Tom Shales, “‘Hannah' and ‘Room with a View' Take 3 Awards Each,”
Washington Post
, March 31, 1987, C1. The best costume design award went to Jenny Beavan and John Bright, the best art direction award went to Gianni Quaranta, Brian Ackland-Snow, Brian Savegar, and Elio Altamura, and the best screenplay adaptation award went to Ruth Prawer Jhabvala.

33
. Farndale, “Interview.”

34
. Long,
Films of Merchant Ivory
, 145.

35
. Ibid.

36
. Joseph Giovannini, “Merchant and Ivory's Country Retreat,”
New York Times
, April 3, 1986, C1, C8.

37
. Ibid., C8.

38
. Ibid.

39
. Julia Cameron, “Producer Ismail Merchant Plays Hunches into Cinematic Success,”
Chicago Tribune
, April 3, 1986, D7; Hall, “Merchant Ivory,” F5.

40
. Cameron, “Producer Ismail Merchant,” F5.

41
. Long,
Films of Merchant Ivory
, 145.

42
. John Gross, “‘Maurice' Brings a Small Book into Sharp Relief,”
New York Times
, October 4, 1987, H39.

43
. Bernstein, “Ismail Merchant,” B6. Anthony Hopkins won his best actor Academy Award for 1991's
The Silence of the Lambs
.

44
. Long,
Films of Merchant Ivory
, 192.

45
. Jay Carr, “Merchant-Ivory ‘Howards End,'”
Boston Globe
, April 24, 1992, 81, 86; Janet Maslin, “Finding Realities to Fit the Illusions of ‘Howards End,'”
New York Times
, March 12, 1992, C1.

46
. Vincent Canby, “A Drawing-Room War with Edwardian Grace,”
New York Times
, March 13, 1992, C1, C15; Carr, “Merchant-Ivory,” 86; Edward Guthmann, “A Classy ‘Howards End,'”
San Francisco Chronicle
, April 17, 1992, C1.

47
. Carla Hall, “Eastwood, ‘Unforgiven' Take Top Oscars,”
Washington Post
, March 30, 1993, E1. The best art direction award went to Luciana Arrighi and Ian Whittaker, and the best screenplay adaptation award went to Ruth Prawer Jhabvala.

48
. Farndale, “Interview”; Rita Kempley, “In a Class by Itself,”
Washington Post
, November 5, 1993, G1; Morrison, “James Ivory,” 469–72.

49
. Noh, “Enjoying a Golden Partnership,” 39.

50
.
Vincent Canby, “Blind Dignity: A Butler's Story,”
New York Times
, November 5, 1993, C1; Jay Carr, “‘Remains,'”
Boston Globe
, November 5, 1993, 33; Kempley, “Class by Itself,” G1.

51
. Noh, “Enjoying a Golden Partnership,” 39.
Le Divorce
was released in 2003, and
Surviving Picasso
was released in 1996.

52
. Bernstein, “Ismail Merchant,” B6; Warren Hoge, “Ismail Merchant, Producer of Sumptuous and Literate Films, Dies at 68,”
New York Times
, May 26, 2005, C18;
The Proprietor
was released in 1996.

53
. Hoge, “Ismail Merchant, Producer,” C18.

54
. Warren Hoge, “Ismail Merchant—Collaborator on Award-Winning Films,”
San Francisco Chronicle
, May 26, 2005, B6.

55
. “Half of Merchant-Ivory Film Duo Behind Oscar-Winning Dramas,”
Chicago Tribune
, May 26, 2005, B9; John Horn, “Ismail Merchant, 68,”
Los Angeles Times
, May 26, 2005, B12.

56
. Horn, “Ismail Merchant,” B12.

57
. Stephen Holden, “Genteel Lives Unsettled in Uruguay,”
New York Times
, April 16, 2008.

1
. On Clayton's early years, Alexis De Veaux,
Warrior Poet: A Biography of Audre Lorde
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), 97; Rodger Streitmatter telephone interview with Frances Clayton, July 22, 2011. Clayton's parents were the Reverend James Madison Clayton and Georgia Frances Myra Mae Blessing Clayton.

2
. De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 97; Streitmatter interview with Clayton.

3
. De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 97; Streitmatter interview with Clayton.

4
. De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 97; Streitmatter interview with Clayton.

5
. On Lorde's early years, see Blanche Wiesen Cook and Clare M. Coss, “Audre Lorde,” in
Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century
, Susan Ware, ed. (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004), 394–96; De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, especially 11–13; Joan Wylie Hall, ed.,
Conversations with Audre Lorde
(Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2004), xix-xxv. Lorde's parents were Frederick Byron Lorde and Linda Gertrude Belmar Lorde.

6
. Hall,
Conversations
, xix.

7
. Karla M. Hammond, “Audre Lorde: Interview,” in Hall,
Conversations
, 34.

8
. De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 62; Hall,
Conversations
, xix-xx.

9
. Hall,
Conversations
, xx; Margaret Homan, “Audre Lorde,” in Darlene Clark Hine, ed.,
Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia
(Brooklyn, NY: Carlson, 1993), 732.

10
. De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 77.

11
. De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 73–75; Streitmatter interview with Blanche Wiesen Cook and Clare M. Coss, October 29, 2011.

12
. Ibid., 80; Hall,
Conversations
, xx.

13
. De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 81–84; Hall,
Conversations
, xx.

14
.
De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 88, 93.

15
. Ibid., 94; Hall,
Conversations
, xx.

16
. De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 94–95; Hall,
Conversations
, xx.

17
. Cook and Coss, “Audre Lorde,” 395; De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 96; Hall,
Conversations
, xx.

18
. De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 97; Hammond, “Audre Lorde: Interview,” 33; Homan, “Audre Lorde,” 732; Streitmatter interview with Cook and Coss; Adrienne Rich, “An Interview with Audre Lorde,” in Hall,
Conversations
, 56.

19
. De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 102–106; Hall,
Conversations
, xx. Lorde initially taught at City College and then moved to Herbert H. Lehman College and later to John Jay College of Criminal Justice; all three colleges are part of the City University of New York system.

20
. De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 113; Hall,
Conversations
, 58.

21
. The quote is from Streitmatter interview with Clayton. See also De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 113, 121–22.

22
. De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 125.

23
. Ibid., 123, 126.

24
. Audre Lorde,
The First Cities
(New York: Poets Press, 1968); Dudley Randall,
Negro Digest
17 (1968): 13; Audre Lorde,
Cables to Rage
(London: Paul Breman, 1970); Mike Doyle, “Made in Canada,”
Poetry
, March 1972, 357.

25
. De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 153; Audre Lorde,
From a Land Where Other People Live
(Detroit: Broadside Press, 1973); Audre Lorde,
New York Head Shop and Museum
(Detroit: Broadside Press, 1974).

26
. De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 156; Hall,
Conversations
, xxi, 57.

27
. De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 156–57.

28
. Audre Lorde,
The Black Unicorn: Poems
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1978), 3; Audre Lorde,
Coal
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1976).

29
. “The Black Unicorn,”
Choice
, March 1979, 80; Hayden Carruth, “A Year's Poetry,”
Nation
, December 23, 1978, 712; R. B. Stepto, “The Phenomenal Woman and the Severed Daughter,”
Parnassus
, Fall-Winter 1979, 312.

30
. De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 161, 163, 172; Hall,
Conversations
, xxii.

31
. Joseph F. Beam, “An Interview with Audre Lorde,” in Hall,
Conversations
, 128; De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 126, 163, 322; Dagmar Schultz, “Audre Lorde on Her Cancer Illness,” in Hall,
Conversations
, 137; Streitmatter interview with Clayton.

32
. Streitmatter interview with Clayton.

33
. Streitmatter telephone interview with Elizabeth Lorde-Rollins, July 20, 2011.

34
. De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 188–91, 223; Hall,
Conversations
, xxi; Schultz, “Audre Lorde,” 132.

35
. Audre Lorde,
The Cancer Journals
(San Francisco: Spinsters Ink, 1980), 64–65.

36
. Susan McHenry, “The Cancer Journals,”
Ms
., April 1981, 42.

37
. Audre Lorde,
Zami: A New Spelling of My Name
(Boston: Persephone Press, 1982).

38
. Rosemary Daniel, “The Poet Who Found Her Own Way,”
New York Times
, December 19, 1982, BR12.

39
.
De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 279, 291.

40
. Ibid., 301, 323, 356.

41
. Streitmatter interview with Cook and Coss.

42
. Homan, “Audre Lorde,” 733.

43
. Audre Lorde,
Sister Outsider
(Trumansburg, NY: Crossing Press, 1984), 124–33.

44
. Lorde,
Sister Outsider
, 125–26.

45
. Ibid., 128, 130.

46
. Thulani Davis and Cheryl Everette, “Books,”
Essence
, August 1984, 48; Kate Walter, “Outside In,”
Village Voice
, September 4, 1984, 52.

47
. Cook and Coss, “Audre Lorde,” 394.

48
. Ibid., 395; De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 80.

49
. Cook and Coss, “Audre Lorde,” 395; Audre Lorde,
I Am Your Sister: Black Women Organizing Across Sexualities
(New York: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, 1985.

50
. Cook and Coss, “Audre Lorde,” 395; Matthew Rothschild, “Adrienne Rich: ‘I happen to think poetry makes a huge difference,'”
Progressive
, January 1994.

51
. De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 337–38.

52
. Streitmatter interview with Cook and Coss.

53
. Cook and Coss, “Audre Lorde,” 395; De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 242, 279.

54
. Cook and Coss, “Audre Lorde,” 395; Alexis De Veaux, “Just Between Us,”
Village Voice Literary Supplement
, April 1993, 14; De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 322, 338; Hall,
Conversations
, xxiii.

55
. De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 352.

56
. Ibid., 355; Lorde journal entry, December 20, 1985, Audre Lorde Papers.

57
. Lorde journal entry, January 3, 1986, Audre Lorde Papers; De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 358.

58
. Alexis De Veaux, “Searching for Audre Lorde,”
Callaloo
23, no. 1 (2000): 66.

59
. De Veaux, “Searching,” 66; De Veaux,
Warrior Poet
, 361.

60
. Hall,
Conversations
, xxv; Audre Lorde,
Our Dead Behind Us: Poems
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1986);
A Burst of Light: Essays
(Ithaca, NY: Firebrand Books, 1988);
Undersong: Chosen Poems, Old and New
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1992);
The Marvelous Arithmetics of Distance: Poems 1987–1992
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1993).

61
. “Audre Lorde, 58,”
Boston Globe
, November 19, 1992, 57; “Audre Lorde, 58, A Poet, Memoirist and Lecturer Dies,”
New York Times
, November 20, 1992, A23; “Audre Lorde; Feminist Poet Who Wrote of Discrimination,”
Los Angeles Times
, November 19, 1992, A30. See also “Audre Lorde, New York's Feminist Poet Laureate,”
Chicago Tribune
, November 19, 1992, C20; “Audre Lorde, Poet,”
Washington Post
, November 19, 1992, C4.

62
. Nadine Brozan, “Chronicle,”
New York Times
, January 13, 1993, B4.

63
. Barbara Christian,
New Black Feminist Criticism, 1985–2000
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007), 164; Homan, “Audre Lorde,” 733.