Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early Twentieth-Century Palestine (93 page)

Darwaza, Muhammad ‘Izzat,
20
,
32
,
94
,
107
,
262n31

Decentralization,
124
; Decentralization Party,
236
,
239
–
42
,
304n23
,
306n53
.
See also
Arabism

Demographics: Beirut,
22
; Istanbul,
11
,
63
; Ottoman Empire,
9
,
11
,
62
–
63
,
268nn9
,
15
; Palestine,
12
–
14
,
16
–
18
,
63
,
110
,
258n32
,
259n36
,
268n16
,
271n74
; Salonica,
11

Despotism,
42
,
43
,
45
–
47
.
See also
Tyranny

Dhimmi
,
61
,
88
,
200
,
247
.
See also
Non-Muslims

Economy,
101
,
108
,
275n37
,
282n19

Education,
22
,
65
,
67
,
69
–
71
,
82
–
86
,
195
,
237
,
241
,
270nn45
,
52
,
272n115
,
296nn107
,
110
,
304n17
; missionary,
70
,
83
–
84

Egypt,
24
,
60
,
68
,
107
,
135
,
158
,
183
,
237
,
241
,
275n37
,
281n9
,
282n18
,
294nn77
,
85
,
295nn87
,
99
,
299n44
,
306n61
.
See also
Cairo

Eisenberg, Aharon,
222
–
23
,
302n104

Ekrem Bey,
27
–
28
,
30
–
31
,
33
,
94
,
205

Elmaliach, Avraham,
36
,
78
,
145
,
164
,
207
–
8
,
212
,
282n18

Emigration, Ottoman Empire and,
155
,
240
,
305n49

Entente Liberale Party,
114
,
238
–
39
,
305n39

Enver Bey,
38
,
38
–
41
,
42
,
45
,
271n96
,
272n97
,
298n37

Equality,
24
,
46
,
59
,
66
,
72
–
74
,
82
,
86
–
88
,
116
,
140
,
149
–
50
,
153
–
54
,
200
–
201
,
212
–
13
,
222
,
232
,
273n126

First World War,
81
,
181
,
243
–
45
,
250
,
287n122

Foreign citizens,
62
–
63
,
110
,
154
,
204
,
268nn15
,
16
,
269n21
,
284n54
.
See also
Capitulations

Freemasonry,
1
,
98
,
183
–
96
,
293nn64
,
65
,
67
,
294n77
; CUP and,
98
,
183
–
85
; Grand Orient Ottoman,
183
–
86
,
184
,
190
–
91
; Palestinian lodges,
185
,
187
–
96
,
187
,
188
,
240
,
293n70
,
295n99
; Zionism and,
192
–
94

French revolution,
34
,
40
,
59

Fresco, David,
213
–
18
,
300n69

Frumkin, Gad,
20
,
98
,
199
,
286
–
87n105

Fuat Pasha,
40
,
45

Galatasaray,
1
,
70
–
71
,
83
,
200

Gaza,
96
,
98
–
99
,
121
,
140
,
227
,
234
,
275n37
,
278n95
,
279n97
,
288n4
,
294n79

Greek Orthodox,
11
,
63
,
89
–
90
,
117
–
18
,
123
,
151
–
52
,
199
,
212
,
233
–
34
,
248
,
269nn21
,
34
,
277n71
,
117
; nationalism,
60
–
61
; in Palestine,
16
,
52
–
55
,
77
,
104
,
144
,
266n104
,
267n117
,
275nn45
,
45
,
288n5
; patriarch,
8
,
72
,
88
–
89
,
146
,
247
.
See also
Christians;
Dhimmi;
Heterogeneity; Intercommunal rivalry; Non-Muslims

Habsburg Empire,
43
.
See also
Boycott

Haifa,
22
,
96
,
107
,
161
,
217
,
240
,
242
,
267n126
,
274n31
,
288n6
,
290n37

Haim Nahum, Chief Rabbi,
148
,
153
,
157
,
161
,
214
–
15
,
217
,
287n110
,
301n73

Hanania, Jurji Habib,
33
,
37
,
98
,
124
,
140

Hebrew labor,
203
,
228
,
303n13

Hebrew language,
164
,
207
,
209
,
212
,
230
–
31
,
299n43
,
304n17

Hebron,
51
,
76
,
149
,
232
,
271n74
,
288nn3
,
6

Heterogeneity,
7
–
14
,
233
–
34
,
236
–
37
,
247
–
49
; conflict and,
11
,
18
,
67
,
72
,
74
,
227
–
28
,
259nn38
,
39
; popular religion and,
11
,
18
,
258n29
; residential patterns and,
11
,
14
,
16
–
18
,
76
,
231
,
259n34
.
See also
Intercommunal rivalry; Non-Muslims

Homeland
(vatan, watan)
,
2
,
41
,
52
,
58
,
61
,
65
–
68
,
70
,
79
–
80
,
82
,
84
,
87
,
94
–
96
,
99
,
101
,
106
,
114
–
15
,
124
,
126
,
128
,
140
–
41
,
144
–
45
,
150
,
153
–
54
,
156
–
58
,
163
–
64
,
200
,
202
,
206
,
212
–
14
,
216
,
218
,
221
–
22
,
224
–
25
,
227
–
28
,
233
–
37
,
239

Al-Husayni, Husayn Hashem (Salim) 101,
116
,
120
,
172
,
176
,
245
,
279n100

Al-Husayni, Isma‘1l,
20
,
176
,
290n33

Al-Husayni, Sa‘id,
31
,
116
,
120
,
121
,
127
,
176
,
178
,
238

Intercommunal rivalry,
89
–
91
,
124
–
25
,
145
–
50
,
155
–
58
,
284n53
.
See also
Zionism, opposition to

Intermarriage,
89
–
90
,
260n41

Iran,
25
,
62
,
68
,
70
,
100
,
135
,
263n51
,
264n67
,
265n86
; 1905–7 revolution,
34
,
271n80
,
273n126
,
293n65

Ishaq, Adib,
24
,
35
,
67
–
68

Islamic law
(shari‘a)
,
44
,
47
,
58

Islamic modernism,
24
,
37
,
45
–
50
,
261n16

Al-'Issa, Hanna,
233
,
304n29

Al-'Issa, Yusuf,
98
,
107
,
235
,
239

Istanbul,
11
,
22
,
26
,
40
,
49
,
56
–
57
,
75
,
80
,
90
,
101
,
117
–
18
,
137
,
154
,
185
,
200
,
204
–
5
,
263n61
,
271n88
,
272n115

Jacobsohn, Victor,
204
,
206
–
7
,
215

Jaffa,
22
,
28
,
29
,
32
,
53
–
54
,
76
–
77
,
98
–
99
,
102
,
113
,
127
,
130
,
142
,
171
–
72
,
182
,
185
,
187
,
201
,
217
,
220
,
231
,
240
,
259n36
,
266n104
,
275nn35
,
37
,
276nn51
,
57
,
277n75
,
284n54
,
285n84
,
288nn3
,
6
,
290n33
,
292n60
,
293n70
,
294nn77
,
79
,
297n21
,
304n25
,
306n58
; boycott in,
101
–
8

Al-Jaza'iri, Salim,
115
–
16

Jenin,
143
,
240
,
288n6

Jerusalem,
15
,
17
,
20
,
22
–
23
,
27
–
33
,
30
,
32
,
50
–
56
,
70
–
71
,
76
–
79
,
83
–
86
,
85
,
91
,
94
,
96
–
99
,
101
,
104
,
135
,
136
,
143
,
145
–
50
,
156
,
175
,
181
,
199
–
200
,
207
,
221
–
22
,
231
–
32
,
243
–
44
,
260n8
,
267n117
,
288n3
,
289nn31
,
32
,
290n33
,
296n107
,
304nn26
,
29
,
306n58
; city council,
110
,
166
–
72
,
288nn6
,
7
; Freemasonry in,
186
–
96
,
295
–
96n106
; parliamentary elections in,
110
–
14
,
118
–
30
,
277n75
; population of,
14
,
16
–
17
,
110
,
259n34
,
266n104
,
297n7
; public works in,
173
–
82
,
292n61
.
See also
Intercommunal rivalry

Jews,
12
,
84
,
258n32
; Ashkenazim,
17
–
18
,
146
,
163
–
64
,
189
,
199
,
202
–
3
,
217
,
230
,
259n41
,
274n30
,
297n7
; military service,
152
–
58
,
222
–
23
,
285nn75
,
77
; Ottomanization,
147
,
189
,
202
–
204
,
298nn23
,
26
,
306n58
; Sephardim/ Maghrebim,
18
,
55
,
87
,
112
,
144
,
164
,
180
,
198
–
203
,
207
–
20
,
229
–
31
,
259
–
60n41
,
294n80
,
296n3
,
297n17
,
299n43
.
See also
Alliance Israélite Universelle; Demographics;
Dhimmi;
Heterogeneity; Land sales; Non-Muslims; Parliament, 1908 elections; Press; Society of Ottoman Jews; Zionism