Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early Twentieth-Century Palestine (84 page)

^9.
Al-Karmil
, September 7, 1912.

^10.
For a discussion of the earliest clashes between Palestinian peasants and Zionist colonists, see R. Khalidi,
Palestinian Identity.
Also on the Purim 1908 fight in Jaffa, see Eliav,
Be-
asut Austria
, 339.

^11.
On the fight between Ben-Zion Levi and Hashem Saqallah, see
Ha-
erut
, February 21 and 23, 1910;
Al-Naja
April 8, 1910; H. Calmy to AIU president, February 15, 1910, CZA, CM434/4;H. Calmy to AIU president, February 27, 1910, AAIU, I.C.2. The local AIU official conveyed his opinion to his superiors that the French vice-consul in the city had been admirably energetic in hunting for the killer, and that the general prosecutor of Jerusalem, Celal Bey, was handling the investigation with perfect impartiality.

^12.
Al-Naja
April 8, 1910.

^13.
Zionist officials also considered the idea of Hebrew labor dangerous, and they agreed the Jewish guards needed to be controlled. Report by Dyk, n.d., CZA Li/70; Ruppin to Zentralburo, July 28, 1912, CZA L5/70; Thon to Zionist Actions Committee, August 25, 1913, CZA Z3/1450.

^14.
See Fishman, “Palestine Revisited,” 71.

^15.
Quoted in ibid., 247.

^16.
Filas
īn
, April 29, 1914; translated in Public Record Office FO 195/2459; quoted in ibid.

^17.
See the report to the Zionist Actions Committee, May 28, 1914. CZA, L2/31II. See also Roi, “Zionist Attitude to the Arabs.” For example, Haqqi al-‘Azm demanded that the Jewish schools teach Arabic side-by-side with Hebrew (article in June 1914,
Al-Muqattam).
Cited in Mandel, “Attempts at an Arab-Zionist Entente.”
Al-Ahram's
correspondent Ibrahim Salim Najjar demanded that the Jewish community learn Arabic and merge with Arab culture. Cited in Yehoshu'a, “Tel Aviv in the Image of the Arab Press,” 222.

^18.
Ha-
erut
, April 20, 1913.

^19.
Malul's articles were a response to Ya'kov Rabinowitz's attack against him in
Ha-Po'el ha-
a'ir. Ha-
erut
, June 17, 18, and 19, 1913.

^20.
Ibid.

^21.
Ibid.

^22.
Ibid.

^23.
Malul was one of the few (or only?) Jewish members of the Decentralist Movement documented to date.

^24.
See Rogers Brubaker, “Aftermaths of Empire and the Unmixing of Peoples.”

^25.
Cited in Kark,
Jaffa
, 109. Of course the establishment of Tel Aviv to the north of Jaffa was intended to establish a “modern Hebrew” city far away from Levantine Jaffa. In 1913, the Palestine Office also drew up plans to establish a Jewish commercial center in Jaffa, to draw Jewish merchants and customers away from the central commercial street, Butrus Street. CZA, L51/4. For more on the relationship between Jaffa and Tel Aviv, see LeVine,
Overthrowing Geography.

^26.
He proposed the Muslim municipality be in the north, the Jewish one in the center, and the Christian one in the south; the Old City would be a shared municipality. Nevertheless, even the New City was not hermetically divided, although neighborhoods were certainly more homogeneous. CZA, A153/1212.

^27.
Letter from Stanley Hollis, U.S. Consul General of Beirut, August 16, 1911 (file 867.00/349); NACP, National Archives microfilm publication M353, roll 4, internal affairs of Turkey, central files of the Department of State, record group 59.

^28.
Kayali,
Arabs and Young Turks
, 68–69.

^29.
El-Destour, October 11, 1908;
Ha-
vi
, November 15, 1908. Khalil al-Sakakini documents the establishment of the brotherhood in Jerusalem in al-Sakakini,
Kadha ana ya dunya
, October 21, 1908, entry. He says the ten founding members included himself, Musa Shafik al-Khalidi, Mayor Faidi al-‘Alami, Hanna al-'Issa, and Nakhla Zurayq. See also Saab,
Arab Federalists of the Ottoman Empire
, for background information on these organizations.

^30.
The chapter was under the leadership of Shukri al-Husayni.
Al-Nafir
, October 24, 1911.

^31.
Kayali,
Arabs and Young Turks
, 75.

^32.
Özoğlu,
Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State
, 78.

^33.
Tanin, April 19, 1910. Quoted in Kayali,
Arabs and Young Turks
, 88.

^34.
Al-Najā
, April 8, 1910.