Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early Twentieth-Century Palestine (73 page)

^2.
ISA 67, peh/533:1491. Unless otherwise noted, quoted passages come from the pamphlet.

^3.
Gerber states that the Jerusalem General Council was not actually established until 1913, although al-Namura lists the members of a 1911 council. Gerber,
Ottoman Rule in Jerusalem
, 136; and Al-Namura,
Al-Filastiniyun
, 197. There is evidence that a general council existed in Gaza, Jaffa, Bi'r al-Sab‘a, Hebron, and Nablus as well. See Abu Khadra, “Bayan,” Arab Studies Society (Jerusalem); and Al-Namura,
Al-Filastiniyun
, 196. For studies of urban civic consciousness in this period in other corners of the empire, see Hanssen,
Fin de Siecle Beirut
; and Alexandra Yerolympos, “Conscience citadine et intérét municipal.”

^4.
Gerber,
Ottoman Rule in Jerusalem
, 126.

^5.
Ex officio members included the governor, the
qadi
, the mufti, the provincial treasurer, and official representatives of the Greek Orthodox, Latin, Armenian, and Jewish communities.

^6.
These were established in: Jerusalem (mid-1860s), Nablus (1867), Nazareth (1875), Haifa (by 1883), Jaffa, ‘Akka, Gaza (by 1893), Lydda, Ramle, Hebron, Shefa-‘Amr, Safad, Tabaria (Tiberias), Beisan, Tulkarem, Jenin, Majdal, Khan Yunis, Bi'r al-Sab‘a, Ramallah, Beit Jala, and Bethlehem. Al-Namura,
Al-Filastiniyun
, 119.

^7.
The city council had ten seats, five of which were elected every two years for a four-year term. Males over age twenty-five who paid 50
kuruş
in property taxes were eligible to vote, whereas those who paid over 150
kuruş
were eligible to run for election. Ha-Va‘ad le-hoza'at kitvei David Yellin,
Kitvei David Yellin
, 193–94, 222–23. See also Avci,
Değişim surecinde.

^8.
Kark, “Jerusalem Municipality at the End of Ottoman Rule”; and Kark, “P‘eilut ‘iriyat Yerushalayim,” 80. See also Yehoshu‘a,
Yerushalayim tmol shilshom
, for interesting cases of municipal involvement; N. Levi,
Prakim be toldot ha-refuah be-Ere
Israel
, on the municipal hospital and public health services; and Yazbak,
Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period
, for the municipality in Haifa.

^9.
For information on the social services projects of the municipality, see Avci,
Değişim sürecinde
, 238–42. On the twins, see
Ha-
erut
, January 21, 1910.

^10.
Yehoshu‘a,
Yerushalayim tmol shilshom
, 20–21.

^11.
Ibid., 19.

^12.
Ha-Va‘ad le-hoza'at kitvei David Yellin,
Kitvei David Yellin
, 103, 224. Also
Ha-
erut
, December 1, 1909.

^13.
Al-Madani,
Madinat al-Quds
, 43–51. No historical evidence of these neighborhood councils survives.

^14.
Filas
īn
had a regular police blotter column, “akhbār dā'irat al-bulis.” For the context and background of antivagrancy measures in the Ottoman Empire, see Ergut, “Policing the Poor in the Late Ottoman Empire”;
Ha-
erut
, June 22, 29, 1909;
El Liberal
, June 29, 1909.

^15.
Ha-
erut
, August 11, 1909; October 25, 1909; January 14, 1910; May 11, 1910; January 20, 1911; January 30, 1911; March 3, 1911;
El Liberal
, October 29, 1909;
Ha-
vi
, October 22, 1908.

^16.
Ha-
erut
, November 3, 1909; and November 14, 1910. Another report noted that the government had demanded the chief rabbi notify the Jewish residents of the town not to throw trash in the streets and not to throw water on pedestrian walkways.
Ha-
erut
, October 17, 1910.

^17.
See, for example,
Ha-
erut
, December 6, 1909; the three-part article “The Economy of Ere
-Israel,” in
Ha-
erut
, May 18, June 21 and 29, 1909;
Al-Quds
, January 26, 1909;
Filas
īn
, July 1, 1910;
Ha-
erut
, January 18, 1911.