One Child (33 page)

[>]
For two decades, over 120,000:
There were 122,661 adoptions from China between 1995 and 2013. Australian InterCountry Adoption Network (AICAN) and Peter Selman, Newcastle University,
http://www.aican.org/statistics.php?region=0&type=birth
.

[>]
eight thousand China babies:
InterCountry Adoption, Bureau of Consular Affairs, US Department of State,
http://travel.state.gov/content/dam/aa/pdfs/fy2014_annual_report.pdf
.

[>]
China continues to be by far the largest source country for adoptions:
Ibid.

[>]
“The orphanage asked for more babies”:
Scott Tong, “The Dark Side of Chinese Adoptions,”
Marketplace
, May 5, 2010,
http://www.marketplace.org/topics/life/dark-side-chinese-adoptions
.

[>]
according to the
Los Angeles Times: Barbara Demick, “Some Chinese Parents Say Their Babies Were Stolen for Adoption,”
Los Angeles Times
, September 20, 2009,
http://articles.latimes.com/2009/sep/20/world/fg-china-adopt20
.

[>]
Caixin
reported a similar case:
Pang Jiaoming, “The Lost Children of Shaoyang City,”
Caixin
, May 10, 2011,
http://english.caixin.com/2011-05-10/100257699.html
.

[>]
trafficking cases in Guizhou:
“Chinese Baby Girls Sold for Adoption,” UPI, July 2, 2009,
http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/07/02/Chinese-baby-girls-sold-for-adoption/UPI-52961246593352/?st_rec=63831376140810
.

[>]
Shaanxi provinces:
“Doctor, Eight Others Arrested in Chinese Baby-Selling Scandal,” UPI, August 10, 2013,
http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2013/08/10/Doctor-eight-others-arrested-in-Chinese-baby-selling-scandal/63831376140810/#ixzz3UEJALYoH
.

[>]
foundation Half the Sky:
Figures calculated from Half the Sky’s financial records as posted on HalftheSky.org and verified by Patricia King, chief communication officer, July 17, 2014.

[>]
constantly violated:
David Smolin, “The Corrupting Influence of the United States on a Vulnerable Intercountry Adoption System: A Guide for Stakeholders, Hague and Non-Hague Nations, NGOs, and Concerned Parties,”
Utah Law Review
no. 4 (2013),
http://epubs.utah.edu/index.php/ulr/article/viewArticle/1166
.

[>]
many of those girls could have found loving homes within the country:
Kay Ann Johnson,
Wanting a Daughter, Needing a Son: Abandonment, Adoption, and Orphanage Care in China
(St. Paul, MN: Yeong & Yeong Books, 2004). See also Johnson’s forthcoming
China’s Hidden Children: Abandonment, Adoption, and the Human Costs of the One-Child Policy
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016).

[>]
practices in Chinese orphanages:
Kate Blewett and Brian Woods,
The Dying Rooms
, Lauderdale Productions, 1995,
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112919/
.

[>]
little more than places where children were sent to die:
“Death by Default: A Policy of Fatal Neglect in China’s State Orphanages,” Human Rights Watch report, January 1, 1996,
http://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/01/01/death-default
.

[>]
“
some cash with a red birth note”:
Brian Stuy’s blog,
http://research-china.blog spot.com/search?q=RED%20BIRTH%20NOTE&max-results=20&by-date=true
, as well as interviews with the author.

[>]
“an unsettling postmortem”:
Brian H. Stuy, “Brian H. Stuy (with Foreword by David Smolin), Open Secret: Cash and Coercion in China’s International Adoption Program,”
Cumberland Law Review
44, no. 3 (2014): 355–422,
http://works.bepress.com/david_smolin/15
.

[>]
Families with Children from China:
The FCC has now expanded to be “Families with Children from Asia (FCA).”

[>]
“huge part of cultural loss feels physically grafted”:
Grace Newton,
The Red Thread Is Broken
(blog),
https://redthreadbroken.wordpress.com/
.

[>]
“kind of joking, kind of not”:
Interview with the author, September 25, 2014.

[>]
“If I start to disbelieve what they [China authorities] told me”:
Karin Evans,
The Lost Daughters of China: Adopted Girls, Their Journey to America, and the Search for a Missing Past
(New York: Tarcher, 2008).

[>]
a hard-nosed reporter for the
Philadephia Inquirer: Jeff Gammage,
China Ghosts: My Daughter’s Journey to America, My Passage to Fatherhood
(New York: Harper Perennial, 2008).

9. Babies Beyond Borders

[>]
first test-tube baby:
“China’s First Test Tube Baby to Celebrate 20th Birthday,”
Xinhua News
, February 26, 2008,
http://www.china.org.cn/china/sci_tech/2008-02/26/content_10784222.htm
.

[>]
fertility treatments mushroomed:
Jared Yee, “Rising Demand for IVF in China Causes Spread of Unlicensed Clinics,”
BioEdge
, November 3, 2010,
http://www.bioedge.org/index.php/bioethics/bioethics_article/rising_demand_for_ivf_in_china_causes_spread_of_unlicensed_clinics
.

[>]
number of twin births:
Qin Xu and Yanhui Wang, “Why Twins Birth Rate Increases,”
Fenghuang Web
, January 30, 2013,
http://fashion.ifeng.com/baby/haoyun/detail_2013_01/30/21777648_1.shtml
.

[>]
the one-child policy accounted for at least a third of the increase in twins:
Wei Huang, Xiaoyan Lei, and Yaohui Zhao, “One-Child Policy and the Rise of Man-Made Twins,” Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit, Institute for the Study of Labor, August 2014,
http://ftp.iza.org/dp8394.pdf
.

[>]
seven hundred pairs of such “fake twins” in over three hundred villages:
“700 Fake Twins Investigated in Yunnan,”
People Web
, July 28, 2000,
http://www.people.com.cn/GB/channel1/13/20000728/163617.html
.

[>]
one in every fifty babies born was a twin:
Shuang Lu and Yun Luo, “Drugs Lead to Increased Twins Rate,”
Sina Web
, January 22, 2013,
http://baby.sina.com.cn/news/2013-01-22/084158010.shtml?oda_pick_aid=0&oda_pick_mid=0&oda _pick_pid=3411627&oda_pick_sid=0&oda_pick_st=1&pl=0&kid=0&ct=0
.

[>]
“To have one family with eight kids”:
Alexa Olesen, “‘Octomom’ in One-Child China Stuns Public,”
USA Today
, December 30, 2011,
http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/wellness/story/2011-12-30/Octomom-in-one-child-China-stuns-/files/07/78/32/f077832/public/52284636/1
.

[>]
five surrogate mothers in a quest for a son:
“Strict Selection Before Surrogacy and 4 Abortions for Bearing a Boy,”
Guangming Web
, January 12, 2015, http://life .gmw.cn/2015-01/12/content_14478195.htm.

[>]
three surrogate mothers:
James Pomfret, “Forced Abortions Shake Up China Wombs-for-Rent Industry,” Reuters, April 30, 2009,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/04/30/us-china-surrogacy-idUSTRE53T04D20090430
.

[>]
“what does the law mean”:
Olesen, “‘Octomom’ in One-Child China Stuns Public.”

[>]
forced late-term abortion:
Massoud Hayoun, “Understanding China’s One-Child Policy,”
The National Interest
, August 15, 2012,
http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/understanding-chinas-one-child-policy-7330
.

[>]
linked to infertility:
“Study to Assess Impact of Air Pollution on Fertility,”
Environmental Technology
, September 10, 2013,
http://www.envirotech-online.com/news/air-monitoring/6/breaking_news/study_to_assess_impact_of_air_pollution_on_fertility/26787/
.

[>]
a five-year study of the relationship between air pollution and female infertility:
Ibid.

[>]
a “semen crisis”:
Changfeng Chen, “Shanghai Sperm Bank Investigation Shows 2/3 Semen Unqualified,”
Xinmin Web
, November 6, 2013,
http://shanghai.xin min.cn/xmsq/2013/11/06/22552119.html
.

[>]
World Health Organization standards:
Tom Phillips, “Pollution Pushes Shanghai Towards Semen Crisis,”
The Telegraph
, November 7, 2013,
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/10432226/Pollution-pushes-Shanghai-towards-semen-crisis.html
.

[>]
Chinese men’s sperm:
Weiguang Wang and Guoguang Zheng,
Green Book of
Climate Change: Annual Report on Actions to Address Climate Change
(Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2013).

[>]
With over 60 million females who were never born, killed in infancy, or given away:
“Bare Branches, Redundant Males,”
Economist
, April 16, 2015,
http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21648715-distorted-sex-ratios-birth-generation-ago-are-changing-marriage-and-damaging-societies-asias
.

[>]
and another 40 million females experiencing infertility:
Alice Yang and Jeremy Blum, “Pollutants’ Effect on Infertility Rates in China to Be Examined,”
South China Morning Post
, September 4, 2013.

[>]
exposed by his mistress:
Shitong Nie, “Woman Accused Deputy of City Construction Bureau in Changde’s Deshan Economic Development Zone,”
Zhongyuan Web
, March 11, 2014,
http://zx.zynews.com/whzx/134537.html
.

[>]
Lei was sentenced to death:
Jianliang Huang and Xiangsheng Yue, “Former Vice Mayor of Chenzhou City Had Relationships with Nine Lovers,”
Sina Web
, May 11, 2006,
http://news.sina.com.cn/c/l/2006-05-11/11219831007.shtml
.

[>]
“but they don’t want African American”:
Interview with the author, March 5, 2015.

[>]
“US and other countries”:
Wendie Wilson-Miller, based on an interview with the author, March 6, 2015.

[>]
“‘anchor baby’ industry”:
Miriam Jordan, “Federal Agents Raid Alleged ‘Maternity Tourism’ Businesses Catering to Chinese,”
Wall Street Journal
, March 3, 2015,
http://www.wsj.com/articles/us-agents-raid-alleged-maternity-tourism-anchor-baby-businesses-catering-to-chinese-1425404456
.

[>]
“the donor’s had eyelid surgery”:
Wilson-Miller, based on an interview with the author, March 6, 2015.

[>]
genetic screening they would prefer:
Niu Yujie, Yang Youmeng, Li Yajuan, Tang Qi, Zhang Yixi, Xu Linyong, and Zhang Helong, “A Study upon Knowledge and Awareness of Genetic Screening and Influencing Factors in Changsha,”
Practical Preventive Medicine
22, no. 1 (January 2015).

[>]
“People ought to be free to manipulate their children’s IQ”:
Bregtje van der Haak,
DNA Dreams
(documentary), Netherlands, 2012,
http://www.nposales.com/dna-dreams/
.

[>]
select embryos that have better genetic markers:
John Bohannon, “Why Are Some People So Smart? The Answer Could Spawn a New Generation of Superbabies,”
Wired
, July 16, 2013
http://www.wired.com/2013/07/genetics-of-iq/
.

[>]
forbidding couples who had “genetic diseases of a serious nature”:
Sun-Wei Guo, “China: The Maternal and Infant Health Care Law,”
eLS
, April 16, 2012,
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470015902.a0005201.pub2/abstract
.

[>]
“reproduction of the dull-witted, idiots, or blockheads”:
Wang Guisong, “Constitutionality Adjustment on China Eugenics Law,”
Study in Law and Business
, no. 2 (2011).

[>]
Only a tenth of eligible couples:
“Only 1/10th Chinese Couples Had 2nd Child After Policy Relaxed.”

[>]
“selfish and bad parenting to have another child”:
Lauren Sandler, “Chinese Parents Can Now Have More Than One Child. Why Many Say They Won’t,”
Washington Post
, January 10, 2014,
http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/chinese-parents-can-now-have-more-than-one-child-why-many-say-they-wont/2014/01/10/2c9811de-73c5-11e3-8def-a33011492df2_story.html
.

[>]
the one-child policy had nothing to do with their decision:
Ma Xiaohong, “Birth Policy’s Enlightenment: Child-Bearing Trends in Different Districts,”
Population and Development
, no. 6 (2011).

[>]
“a case of extreme economic rationalism”:
Susan Greenhalgh, “Fertility as Mobility: Sinic Transitions,”
Population and Development Review
14, no. 4 (December 1988): 629–74,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1973627
.

AARP (American Association of Retired Persons),
141

abortion