One and the Same (35 page)

158 “What was Narcissus mourning?”: Dale Ortmeyer, “The We-Self of Identical Twins,”
Journal of Contemporary Psychoanalysis
6, no. 2 (Spring 1970).

159 “You could view the twins”: Diane Setterfield,
The Thirteenth Tale
(New York: Washington Square Press, 2006).

162
Red Without Blue:
A documentary directed by Brooke Sebold, Benita Sills, and Todd Sills, Sundance Channel, 2007; see
www.redwithout-blue.com
.

169 “So when I looked into a mirror”: Chris Adrian, “Stab,” in
A Better Angel: Stories
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008).

171 “The separation of twins is no ordinary separation”: Diane Setterfield,
The Thirteenth Tale
(New York: Washington Square Press, 2006).

172 the
New York Times
ran an article about her search: Jane Gross, “A Nation Challenged: The Families; For Twins, a Loss Doubled and a Missing Half,”
New York Times
, November 24, 2001.

172 Twinless Twins:
www.twinlesstwins.org
.

172 some eighty people attended the Twinless Twins gathering in Toronto: Katie Rook, “Only One of Me Now,”
National Post
, July 11, 2008.

175 higher initial “grief intensity ratings”: Nancy L. Segal and S. L. Ream, “Decrease in grief intensity for deceased twin and non-twin relatives: an evolutionary perspective,”
Personality and Individual Differences
25 (1998): 317–325. See also
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8436394
.

175 “We are born alone”: Allen Shawn,
Wish I Could Be There: Notes from a Phobic Life
(New York: Viking Penguin, 2007).

180 losing a twin is “profound”: Joan Woodward,
The Lone Twin: Understanding Twin Bereavement and Loss
(London and New York: Free Association Books Limited, 1998).

180 those twins who described their loss as “severe”: ibid.

181 “He can't possibly remember”: Kim Edwards,
The Memory Keeper's Daughter
(New York: Viking, 2005).

181 “Until about twenty years ago”: A. M. Hayton, ed.,
Untwinned: Perspectives on the Death of a Twin Before Birth
(St. Albans, England: Wren Publications, 2007).

182 “The potential exists that such an undiscoverable twin
might
be hidden”: Kay Cassill,
Twins: Nature's Amazing Mystery
(New York: Atheneum, 1982).

183 psychological profile of a surviving twin:
http://www.altheahayton.com/wombtwin/
.

188 cover image for Wally Lamb's best-seller: Wally Lamb,
I Know This Much Is True
(New York: HarperCollins, 1998).

191 the highest rate of fraternal-twin births in the world:
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/977234-overview
.

192 statue called ibeji: Fernand Leroy et al., “Yoruba Customs and Beliefs Pertaining to Twins,”
Twin Research
5, no. 2 (2002): 132–136.

192 “Twins-child, please do not leave me”: George Chemeche, ed.,
Ibeji: The Cult of Yoruba Twins
(Milan: Five Continent Editions, 2003).

195 “The study of twins is about the best natural experiment”: interview with Dr. Nick Martin,
Australian Broadcasting, 1997
, at
https://genepi.qimr.edu.au/general/articles/quantum.html
.

195 “I just feel so guilty”:
http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23493726-details/Identical+twin+sisters+face+ultimate+heartbreak+after+one+is+diagnosed+with+terminal+cancer/article
.do. See also
http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2008/06/28/girl-lives-on-in-twin-after-cancer-death-115875-20624119/
.

196 multiple myeloma:
www.multiplemyeloma.org
.

201 one 2006 experiment: author's interview with Dr. Eric J. Nestler, October 22, 2008. See also Vaishnav Krishnan et al., “Molecular Adaptations Underlying Susceptibility and Resistance to Social Defeat in Brain Reward Regions,”
Cell
, 131(2), no. 2 (2007): 391–404.

202 called a similar 2005 report “startling”: Bob Weinhold, “Epigenetics: The
Science of Change,”
Environmental Health Perspectives
114, no. 3 (2006).

202 “how adversity might reach inside the brain”: Peter Kramer, “Scarred DNA and How It Might Heal,” at
http://blogs.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/200805/scarred-dna-and-how-it-might-heal
.

202 One rat study in 2004: Ian C. G. Weaver et al., “Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior,”
Nature Neuroscience
7, no. 8 (2004): 847–854; Christen Brownlee, “Nurture Takes the Spotlight: Decoding the Environment's Role in Development and Disease,” at
Sciencenews.org
.; e-mail from Dr. Moshe Szyf, October 18, 2008.

203 a research group led by Manel Esteller: Mario F. Fraga et al., “Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins,”
PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
102, no. 30 (2005): 10604–10609. See also Rick Weiss, “Twin Data Highlight Genetic Changes,”
Washington Post
, July 5, 2005.

205 the studies in the early 1990s: J. Michael Bailey and Richard C. Pillard, M.D., “A Genetic Study of Male Sexual Orientation,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
48, no. 12: 1089–1096; “Gay Men in Twin Study,”
New York Times
, December 17, 1991.

206 one that made use of the Australian database of twins: J. Michael Bailey et al., “Genetic and Environmental Influences on Sexual Orientation and Its Correlates in an Australian Twin Sample,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
78, no. 3 (2000): 524–536.

209 Their DNA isn't as alike: C. Bruder et al., “Phenotypically Concordant and Discordant Monozygotic Twins Display Different DNA Copy-Number-Variation Profiles,”
The American Journal of Human Genetics
82, no. 3: 763–771. See also “Identical Twins Not As Identical As Believed,”
ScienceDaily
, February 20, 2008.

209 “When we started this study”: Anahad O'Connor, “The Claim: Identical Twins Have Identical DNA,”
New York Times
, March 11, 2008.

210 Studies of twins reared apart: Nancy L. Segal,
Entwined Lives: Twins and What They Tell Us About Human Behavior
(New York: Dutton, 1999). See also
http://www.psych.umn.edu/people/faculty/bouchard.htm
.

210 “every measured behavioral trait”: ibid.

211 “Children's achievements might still be the same”: ibid.

211 “The bottom line is that living together does not make people in a family alike”: ibid.

211 “Twins threaten us”: Lawrence Wright,
Twins: And What They Tell Us About Who We Are
(New York: John Wiley, 1997).

213 “Experiences in childhood and adolescent peer groups modify children's personalities”: Judith Rich Harris,
The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998).

213 1999 Pulitzer finalist:
http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/General+Nonfiction
.

213 “If the example of parents were important”: Malcolm Gladwell, “Do Parents Matter?”
The New Yorker
, August 17, 1998.

214 “The child's parents and siblings”: e-mail from Judith Rich Harris, October 27, 2008.

215 Aggression: James J. Hudziak et al., “A twin study of inattentive, aggressive, and anxious/depressed behaviors,”
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
39 (2000): 469–476.

215 Alcohol dependence among adolescents: author's interview with Dr. Danielle Dick at the International Twins Conference, June 2007, Ghent, Belgium. Dick, a member of the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology at Washington University, St. Louis, studies the impact of genes on alcohol use and related behaviors. .

215 Alcoholism: author's interview with Dr. Nick Martin, winter 2007. Martin, who heads the genetic epidemiology laboratory at Queensland Institute of Medical Research, was recently elected to the Australian Academy of Science for his contributions to the genetics of human behavior and complex diseases. See also
http://www.qimr.edu.au/research/labs/nickm/index.html#staff
: “Alcohol consumption is associated with many medical and social variables. With support from both NHMRC and three large grants from the U.S. National Institute of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, 5,000 pairs of twins plus their relatives—23,000 subjects in all—have been surveyed, and we have conducted telephone interviews with over 11,000 twins and 4,000 of their spouses. Genetic factors account for about two thirds of the susceptibility to alcoholism in both women and men in Australia. Now we are obtaining blood samples from these twins with a view to identifying particular genes predisposing to drinking problems. A major finding this past year is that the alcohol dehydrogenase gene complex on chromosome 4 has a significant effect on risk of alcoholism.”

215 Alcohol use: author's interview with Dr. Dick, June 2007.

215 Allergies:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10887305
.

215 Alzheimer's:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4686806.stm
.

215 Anorexia:
http://www.washingtontimes.com/
news/2006/mar/07/20060307-124606-2610r/
. See also T. Wade et al., “The structure of disordered eating in a twin community sample,”
International Journal of Eating Disorders
19 (1996): 63–71.

215 Antisocial behavior with psychopathic tendencies (lack of empathy, remorse):
http://personalitydisorders.suite101.com/article.cfm/antisocial_children
.

215 Anxiety: James J. Hudziak et al. “A twin study of inattentive, aggressive, and anxious/depressed behaviors,”
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
39 (2000): 469–476.

215 Attention deficit disorder:
http://www.pslgroup.com/dg/F3356.htm
author's interview with the late Dr. Richard Todd, Winter 2007. Todd was the director of the division of child and adolescent psychiatry at the Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis.

216 Attitudes toward sex and religion:
http://www.apa.org/monitor/apr04/beliefs.html
.

216 Autism: Jim Dryden, “Autism's Genetic Structure Offers Insights,”
Record
29, no. 33 (2005) (quotes John N. Constantino, M.D., associate professor of psychiatry and of pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis), at
http://record.wustl.edu/news/page/normal/5290.html
.

216 Back pain:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/
releases/2008/04/080408160636.htm
.

216 Baldness:
http://www.nature.com/jid/journal/v121/n6/full/5602102a.html
.

216 Bipolar disorder:
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder/complete-index.shtml
. See also Nancy L. Segal,
Entwined Lives: Twins and What They Tell Us About Human Behavior
(New York: Dutton, 1999).

216 Cholesterol: author's interview with Dr. Dorret Boomsma, winter 2007. Boomsma is a behavioral geneticist and professor of biological psychology at the Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

216 Cocaine abuse:
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1305731&blobtype=pdf
.

216 Cognitive abilities:
http://www.psych.umn.edu/
courses/spring05/mcguem/psy8935/koeppen2003.pdf
.

216 Communication:
http://biomed.gerontologyjournals.org/cgi/reprint/58/6/M566
.

216 Criminality: Laura A. Baker et al., “Behavioral Genetics: The Science of Antisocial Behavior,”
Law and Contemporary Problems
, nos. 1–2 (2006): 7–46.

216 Depression:
http://www.counsellingconnection.com/index.php/2008/07/16/aetiology-of-depression/
.

216 Extroversion: Robert Plomin,
Development, Genetics, and Psychology
(Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1986).

216 Happiness:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/health/7278853.stm
.

217 IQ: Dr. Nancy Segal cites the finding that “identical twins are nearly as alike in IQ as the same person tested twice.” See Nancy L. Segal,
Entwined Lives: Twins and What They Tell Us About Human Behavior
(New York: Dutton, 1999).

217 Job choice: Nancy L. Segal, “Career of Your Dreams, Career of Your Genes,”
Psychology Today
, September/October 1999, at
http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-19990901-000038.html
.

217 Job salaries: Hal R. Varian, “Economic Scene; Ask not what you can do for marriage; ask what marriage can do for your bottom line,”
New York Times
, July 29, 2004.

217 Left-handedness: C. E. Boklage, “The Biology of Human Twinning: A Needed Change of Perspective,” in
Multiple Pregnancy, Epidemiology, Gestation and Perinatal Outcome
, 2d ed. Isaac Blickstein, Louis G. Keith, and Donald M. Keith, eds. (Abingdon, England: Taylor & Francis, 2005). See also Michael Corballis, Chris McManus, and Michael Peters,
Twin Lateralisation: Biology and Psychology
(London: Psychology Press, 1999).

217 Loneliness: “Heredity May Be the Reason Some People Feel Lonely,”
Science Daily
, at
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/11/051110222344.htm
. See also Dorret I. Boomsma et al., “Genetic and Environmental Contributors to Loneliness in Adults: The Netherlands Twin Register Study,”
Behavior Genetics
35, no. 6 (2005).

217 Menopause: Amanda Gardner, “Twin Sisters at High Risk for Early Menopause,”
HealthDay News
, October 25, 2006, at
Healthywoman.org
.

217 Moliness:
http://www.qimr.edu.au/research/labs/nickm/index.html
.