Native Seattle (45 page)

31.
Morgan,
Skid Road
, 59–60; William C. Spiedel,
Sons of the Profits, or There's No Business Like Grow Business: The Seattle Story, 1851–1901
(Seattle: Nettle Creek Publishing Co., 1967), 112–14; Marjorie Rhodes, ed.,
King County Censuses: 1870 U.S. Census and 1871 Territorial Census for King County, Washington Territory
(Seattle: Marjorie Rhodes, 1993), 33; and A. Atwood,
Glimpses in Pioneer Life on Puget Sound
(Seattle: Denny-Correll, 1903), 149.

32.
Hilman F. Jones Papers (YS-26), box 1, file 28, Special Collections, Washington State Historical Society, Tacoma.

33.
“The End of the Small-Pox,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 16 January 1876; “Small-Pox,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 29 December 1876.

34.
“The Small-Pox Question,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 30 December 1876;
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 14 March 1877.

35.
Daily Intelligencer
, 12 June 1877; “More on the Small-Pox,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 25 May 1877; “Small-Pox Statistics,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 30 July 1877; “Claimed to Be an Indian,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 15 February 1878; “Small Pox—a Word of Caution,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 19 February 1878; and “The Small-Pox Case,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 20 February 1878. For similar patterns of prejudice facing other communities of color in the West, see Nayan Shah,
Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco's Chinatown
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001); and William Deverell, “Plague in Los Angeles: Ethnicity and Typicality,” in Matsumoto and Allmendinger, eds.,
Over the Edge
, 172–200.

36.
For the history of fire in American cities, see Christine Meisner Rosen,
The Limits of Power: Great Fires and the Process of City Growth in America
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986); for a regional study, see Daniel E. Turbeville III, “Cities of Kindling: Geographical Implications of the Urban Fire Hazard on the Pacific Northwest Coast Frontier, 1851–1920” (Ph.D. diss., Simon Fraser University, 1986). Quotations come from “Forewarned, Forearmed,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 15 May 1878; “Another Warning,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 18 September 1878; and “A Nuisance,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 9 May 1878.

37.
“Seattle in Ashes,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 27 July 1879; “A Big Blaze,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 8 May 1878; “Made Room,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 9 May 1878; and logbook, Thomas W. Prosch Papers, box 1, folder 4, MSCUA. For what remains the best overview of the political and cultural battles over whether Seattle would be an “open” or “closed” town, see Morgan,
Skid Road
.

38.
Logbook, Thomas W. Prosch Papers, MSCUA.

4 / Mr. Glover's Imbricated City

1.
“Birds-Eye View,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 30 May 1878; and “A Beautiful View,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 31 May 1878.

2.
David Hamer,
New Towns in the New World: Images and Perceptions of the Nineteenth-Century Urban Frontier
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), 49. See also Reps,
Panoramas of Promise.

3.
Charles A. Kinnear, “Arrival of the George Kinnear Family on Puget Sound, and Early Recollections by C. A. Kinnear, One of the Children,” n.d., MOHAI MS Collection.

4.
Bates, Hess, and Hilbert,
Lushootseed Dictionary
, 78. For Puget Sound basketry traditions, see Nile Thompson and Carolyn Marr,
Crow's Shells: Artistic Basketry of Puget Sound
(Seattle: Dushuyay Publications, 1983).

5.
For a snapshot portrayal of Seattle during this period, see David M. Buerge,
Seattle in the 1880s
, ed. Stuart R. Grover (Seattle: Historical Society of Seattle and King County, 1986).

6.
Except where stated otherwise, the data given here come from the manuscript of the tenth census of the United States, NARA.

7.
Redfield,
Seattle Memories
, 19.

8.
Thomas Prosch,
Chronological History
, 287–88.

9.
Mrs. E. E. Heg, “The Beginnings of Trinity Church, Seattle,”
Seattle Churchman
13, no. 2 (1900): 3–6; Atwood,
Glimpses in Pioneer Life
, 89–90.

10.
King County Marriage Records, Puget Sound Branch, Washington State Archives, Bellevue.

11.
Bass,
When Seattle Was a Village
, 23–25.

12.
“A Wise Course,”
Seattle Daily Intelligence
r, 13 May 1878.

13.
“The Duwamish Road,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 12 March 1878; “Duwamish Doings,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 4 March 1880; and “The County Farm,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 10 February 1877.

14.
“Belltown,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 22 March 1878; “A Skeleton Found,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 21 August 1876; “Improvements near Lake Union,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 15 May 1879; “Lake Union Suburb,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 20 September 1879; “Salmon Bay,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 12 November 1877; “Salmon Bay,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 23 September 1879; and “A Choice Location,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 9 April 1878.

15.
Charles E. Roblin, Schedule of Unenrolled Indians, n.d. (1919), U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs, NARA; J. A. Costello,
The Siwash: Their Life, Legends, and Tales
(Seattle: Calvert, 1895), 86–87; Real Property Assessment and Tax Rolls, Puget Sound Branch, Washington State Archives, Bellevue; Margaret Wandrey,
Four Bridges to Seattle: Old Ballard, 1853–1907
(Seattle: Wandrey, 1975), 21, 25, 82; Nile Thompson, “The Original Residents of Shilshole Bay,” in
Passport to Ballard: The Centennial Story
(Seattle: Ballard News Tribune, 1998), 14; Paul Dorpat, “Indian Charlie,”
Seattle Times
, 29 January 1984; and Waterman, “Geographical Names,” 189.

16.
“Indian Taxpayers,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 3 December 1879. For detailed discussion of Dzakwoos and his family, see Jay Miller and Astrida R. Blukis Onat,
Winds, Waterways, and Weirs: Ethnographic Study of the Central Link Light Rail Corridor
(Seattle: BOAS, 2004), 78–85.

17.
“Indian Taxpayers,”
Seattle Daily Intelligencer
, 3 December 1879; Costello,
Siwash
, 86–87.

5 / City of the Changers

1.
Interview with Ollie Wilbur by Lynn Larson, 26 May 1994, Alki/Transfer CSO Facilities Project Traditional Cultural Properties, MIT; Waterman,
Puget Sound Geography
, 23.

2.
Amelia Sneatlum, recorded by Warren Snyder, 1955, and reprinted in Robin K. Wright, ed.,
A Time of Gathering: Native Heritage in Washington State
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1991), 262.

3.
The notion of “dispossession by degrees” comes from Jean M. O'Brien,
Dispossession by Degrees: Indian Land and Identity in Natick, Massachusetts, 1650–1790
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997)
.
One of O'Brien's primary arguments is that indigenous persistence (which in the case of the Natick involved staying in place, becoming individual landholders, and intermarrying with the non-Native population) ironically led to an erosion of corporate access to and use of traditional places. Although in a different place and time, the story of Seattle's indigenous people, and of the Duwamish Tribe in particular, seems to follow a similar pattern.

4.
Rudyard Kipling,
From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches: Letters of Travel,
vol. 2 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, and Co., 1925), 93–94.

5.
James R. Warren,
The Day Seattle Burned
(Seattle: J. R. Warren, 1989); and Colin E. Tweddell, “Historical and Ethnological Study of the Snohomish Indian People,” in
Coast Salish and Western Washington Indians,
vol. 2 (New York: Garland Publishing, 1974), 552–53.

6.
Orange Jacobs,
Memoirs of Orange Jacobs
(Seattle: Lowman and Hanford, 1908), 189–90.

7.
“To-Day's Doings,”
Seattle P-I
, 14 September 1883; “Jubilate” and “The Decorations,”
Seattle P-I
, 15 September 1883; Kurt E. Armbruster,
Orphan Road: The Railroad Comes to Seattle, 1853–1911
(Pullman: Washington State University Press, 1999).

8.
“Indians Burned Out,”
Seattle Times
, 7 March 1893. According to anthropologist Jay Miller, tribal oral tradition claims that Watson was in fact an agent of the West Seattle Land Improvement Company. No documentary records that might confirm this allegation are known to exist.

9.
Clay Eals, ed.,
West Side Story
(Seattle: West Seattle Herald, 1987), 27, 94, 97; Bass,
When Seattle Was a Village
, 118–19; and interview with Harold Moses and
Gilbert King George by Lynn Larson, 22 June 1994, Alki/Transfer CSO Facilities Project Traditional Cultural Properties, MIT.

10.
Duwamish et al. vs. the United States of America, Consolidated Petition No. F-275
(Seattle: Argus Press, 1993), 683–87, 695, 701.

11.
Miller and Onat,
Winds, Waterways, and Weirs
, 82–83.

12.
“Indians Burned Out,”
Seattle Times
, 7 March 1893; Army Corps of Engineers, Duwamish-Puyallup Surveys, 1907, Army Corps Archives, Seattle; Roblin, Schedule of Unenrolled Indians, n.d. (1919), U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs, NARA.

13.
Bass,
When Seattle Was a Village
, 118–19.

14.
“Angeline Is No More,”
Seattle P-I
, 1 June 1896; “Who Shall Bury Her?”
Seattle P-I
, 2 June 1896; “Angeline's Funeral,”
Seattle P-I
, 5 June 1896; “Angeline's Funeral,”
Seattle P-I
, 6 June 1896; and Mrs. Victor Zednick, “When I Was a Girl,”
Seattle Times
, 19 January 1927.

15.
“Poor Old Angeline,”
Seattle P-I
, 2 August 1891; Henry L. Yesler, “The Daughter of Old Chief Seattle,”
Pacific Magazine
1, no. 3 (1889): 25–27; “Angeline Is No More,”
Seattle P-I
, 31 May 1896; “The Last Indian Princess,”
Northwest Magazine
, August 1896, 15; Edmond S. Meany, “Princess Angeline,”
Seattle Argus
, 21 December 1901, 11–12; Thomas Prosch and C. T. Conover, comps.,
Washington, the Evergreen State, and Seattle, Its Chief City
(Seattle: T. F. Kane, 1894);
One Hundred Views about Seattle, the Queen City
(Seattle: R. A. Reid, 1911); and “Seattle Historical Pageant Attracts Pioneer Interest,”
Seattle Times
, 18 May 1930.

16.
Mason Whitney, ed.,
Magnolia: Memories and Milestones
(Seattle: Magnolia Community Club, 2000).

17.
For accounts of Chesheeahud—whose name is spelled various ways—and Tleebuleetsa, see John Peabody Harrington,
The Papers of John Peabody Harrington in the Smithsonian Institution, 1907–1957
, ed. Elaine L. Miles (New York: Kraus International Publications, 1981), frame 0498; Edmond S. Meany, “The Last Lake Union Indians,”
Seattle Times
, 11 June 1898; “Indian John in Hospital,”
Seattle Times
, 8 February 1905; “Indian John Holds Potlatch,”
Seattle P-I
, 29 May 1906; and Edmond S. Meany, “Story of Seattle's Nearest Indian Neighbors,”
Seattle P-I
, 29 October 1905. For information on Hiram Gill, see Morgan,
Skid Road
, 169–81; and Sale,
Seattle: Past to Present
, 107–8, 118–19.

18.
“Chief Seattle's Nephew Ruined by Gale,”
Seattle P-I
, 6 January 1910; “Fund Is Started for Indian Billy,”
Seattle P-I
, 7 January 1910; and “Members of Dying Race Whom Advance of Progress Crowds Off Seattle Waterfront,”
Seattle P-I
, 11 May 1910.

19.
S. A. Eliot,
Report upon the Conditions and Needs of the Indians of the Northwest Coast
(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1915), 21;
Duwamish et al. vs. United States
, 4; and Frank W. Porter III, “Without Reservation: Federal Indian
Policy and the Landless Tribes of Washington,” in
State and Reservation: New Perspectives in Federal Indian Policy
, ed. George Pierre Castile and Robert L. Bee (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1992).