Native Seattle (44 page)

23.
Arthur Denny,
Pioneer Days on Puget Sound
, 13–14.

24.
Ibid., 4–6, 8–9; Eugene E. Snyder,
Early Portland: Stump-Town Triumphant
(Portland, OR: Binfords and Mort, 1970), 70; and Emily Denny,
Blazing the Way
, 42.

25.
Watt,
Four Wagons West
, 49–51, 60.

26.
Eva Greenslit Anderson,
Chief Seattle
(Caldwell: Caxton Printers, 1943), 161; Emily Denny,
Blazing the Way
, 56; Carlson, “Chief Sealth,” 26; Thomas Talbot Waterman, “The Geographical Names Used by the Indians of the Pacific Coast,”
Geographical Review
12 (1922): 192; personal communication with Thomas Speer, Duwamish Tribal Services.

27.
Emily Denny,
Blazing the Way
, 57–58; interview with Walter Graham, February 1914, MOHAI MS Collection, folder 348; Arthur Denny,
Pioneer Days on Puget Sound
, 14; and Thomas Prosch,
Chronological History
, 26.

28.
Wayne Suttles, “The Early Diffusion of the Potato among the Coast Salish,” in
Coast Salish Essays
, 137–51; Thomas Prosch,
Chronological History
, 25–26; Arthur Denny,
Pioneer Days on Puget Sound
, 13; and Watt,
Four Wagons West
, 55.

29.
Arthur Denny,
Pioneer Days on Puget Sound
, 17; Watt,
Four Wagons West
, 53, 64–65, 67; and Ruth Sehome Shelton,
Gram Ruth Sehome Shelton: The Wisdom of a Tulalip Elder
(Seattle: Lushootseed Press, 1995), 25–27.

30.
Thomas Prosch,
Chronological History
, 28–29, 31, 41–42; Beaton,
City That Made Itself
, 21; and Watt,
Four Wagons West
, 70.

31.
For examples of the various speculations, see Carlson, “Chief Sealth,” 27; Thomas Prosch,
Chronological History
, 29; Bagley,
History of Seattle
, vol. 2, 27; and Watt,
Four Wagons West
, 70. Some modern-day Duwamish people see the naming of the city as a theft of indigenous cultural property, especially cutting in light of the dispossession they would later face. In personal communications with the author, anthropologist Jay Miller has suggested that Seeathl may have seen the naming as analogous to offering his name to a young descendant, thus ensuring that the name would live on. Meanwhile, present-day Duwamish tribal activist James Rasmussen has argued that Seeathl would in fact be proud of the city named after him; for that claim, see B. J. Bullert's documentary
Alki: Birthplace of Seattle
(Seattle: Southwest Seattle Historical Society and KCTS Television, 1997).

32.
Bierwert,
Brushed by Cedar,
43–44; Watt,
Four Wagons West
, 58–59.

33.
Arthur Denny,
Pioneer Days on Puget Sound
, 19.

3 / Seattle Illahee

1.
Philip J. Thomas,
Songs of the Pacific Northwest
(Saanichton, BC: Hancock House, 1979), 60–61. For accounts of the Fraser River gold rush, see R. Cole Harris,
The Resettlement of British Columbia: Essays on Colonialism and Geographical Change
(Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1997)
,
esp. 103–36; Andrea Laforet and Annie York,
Spuzzum: Fraser Canyon Histories, 1808–1939
(Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1999); Daniel P. Marshall, “No Parallel: American Miner-Soldiers at War with the Nlaka'pamux of the Canadian West,” in
Parallel Destinies: Canadian-American Relations West of the Rockies
, ed. John M. Findlay and Ken S. Coates (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002), 31–79; and Robert E. Ficken,
Unsettled Boundaries: Fraser Gold and the British-American Northwest
(Pullman: Washington State University Press, 2003).

2.
David Kellogg to Vivian Carkeek, 20 May 1912, MOHAI MS Collection, folder 116.

3.
“Story of Alonzo Russell,” n.d. (1910s), MOHAI MS Collection, folder 526;
Caroline Leighton,
Life at Puget Sound, with Sketches of Travel in Washington Territory, British Columbia, Oregon, and California, 1865–1881
(Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1884), 39–40; and Dillis B. Ward, “From Salem, Oregon, to Seattle, Washington, in 1859,”
Washington Historical Quarterly
6 (1915): 100.

4.
“The Christmas Times,”
Seattle Times
, 14 December 1901; and Leighton,
Life at Puget Sound
, 41–42.

5.
Cornelius H. Hanford, ed.,
Seattle and Environs: 1852–1924
(Chicago: Pioneer Historical Publishing Co., 1924), 49.

6.
David Kellogg to Vivian Carkeek, 20 May 1912; Jay Miller,
Lushootseed Culture
, 100–103. This was not an isolated event—Cornelius Hanford describes a similar initiation, of an indigenous man named Sampson, taking place in 1858 (
Seattle and Environs
, 142).

7.
Seattle Historical Society interview with Louisa Boren Denny, n.d., MOHAI MS Collection, folder 258; Abbie Denny-Lindsley, “When Seattle Was an Indian Camp Forty-Five Years Ago,”
Seattle P-I
, 15 April 1906; and Phoebe Goodell Judson,
A Pioneer's Search for an Ideal Home: A Book of Personal Memoirs
(Bellingham, WA: Union Printing, Binding, and Publishing Co., 1925), 188.

8.
Bass,
Pigtail Days in Old Seattle
, 31; Arthur Denny,
Pioneer Days on Puget Sound
, 73; and Yvonne Prater,
Snoqualmie Pass: From Indian Trail to Interstate
(Seattle: The Mountaineers, 1981), 7–29.

9.
For accounts of the “Puget Sound Indian War” (or the “Treaty War,” as many Indian people call it), see J. A. Eckrom,
Remembered Drums: The Puget Sound Indian War
(Walla Walla, WA: Pioneer Press Books, 1989); and John Lutz, “Inventing an Indian War: Canadian Indians and American Settlers in the Pacific West, 1854–1864,”
Journal of the West
38, no. 3 (1998): 7–13.

10.
Patricia Nelson Limerick,
The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West
(New York: Norton, 1987), 35–54.

11.
Thomas Prosch,
Chronological History
, 32; Edith Sanderson Redfield
, Seattle Memories
(Boston: Lothrop, Lee, and Shepard Co., 1930), 31; John M. Swan narrative, 6–7, Bancroft Collection; “Adventures of William T. Ballou,” 3, Bancroft Collection; and Waterman, “Geographical Names,” 188; Thomas S. Phelps's map of Seattle, 1856, MSCUA negative UW4101.

12.
Major J. Thomas Turner, “Reminiscences, 7 September 1914,” MOHAI MS Collection, folder 106; Jane Fenton Kelly, “Trail of a Pioneer Family,” n.d. (1910s), MOHAI MS Collection, folder 347; Redfield,
Seattle Memories
, 39; and J. G. Parker, “Puget Sound,” 4, Bancroft Collection.

13.
Thomas Prosch,
Chronological History
, 29; Thomas F. Gedosch, “A Note on the Dogfish Oil Industry of Washington Territory,”
Pacific Northwest Quarterly
59, no. 2 (1968): 100–102; Abbie Denny-Lindsley, “When Seattle Was an Indian Camp Forty-Five Years Ago,”
Seattle P-I
, 15 April 1906; Catherine Blaine, “A Frontier Sketch” (n.p., n.d.), MSCUA; Sophie Frye Bass,
When Seattle Was a Village
(Seattle:
Lowman and Hanford, 1947), 44; and interview with Walter Graham, MOHAI MS Collection.

14.
Thomas Prosch,
Chronological History
, 53; Brad Asher,
Beyond the Reservation: Indians, Settlers, and the Law in Washington Territory, 1853–1889
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), 107–53; David Blaine and Catherine Blaine,
Memoirs of Puget Sound: Early Seattle, 1853–1856,
ed. Richard A. Seiber (Fairfield, WA: Ye Galleon Press, 1978), 76–77.

15.
Henry L. Yesler, “Henry Yesler and the Founding of Seattle,”
Pacific Northwest Quarterly
42 (1951): 274.

16.
For a summary of the treaty process in Puget Sound, see Alexandra Harmon,
Indians in the Making: Ethnic Relations and Indian Identities around Puget Sound
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998). For the details of the process in Seattle and central Puget Sound, see Furtwangler,
Answering Chief Seattle
.

17.
Shelton,
Gram Ruth Sehome Shelton,
26; Emily Denny,
Blazing the Way
, 67–68.

18.
Michael T. Simmons to Isaac Ingalls Stevens, 27 December 1855, and Henry Yesler, David Phillips, C. C. Lewis, S. Samson Grow, and Thomas Mercer to C. H. Mason, 24 November 1855, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Western Washington Agency, NARA.

19.
Hanford,
Seattle and Environs
, 148; William N. Bell, “Settlement of Seattle,” Bancroft Collection; and Emily Denny,
Blazing the Way
, 374–75; “Historic Nisqually Chief Exonerated,”
Seattle Times,
11 December 2004.

20.
“The Indian War!!”
Pioneer and Democrat
, 1 February 1856; Henry L. Yesler to Michael T. Simmons, 26 July 1856, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Western Washington Agency, NARA; George A. Paige to Michael T. Simmons, 23 January 1857, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Western Washington Agency, NARA; Commander S. S. Swarthout to Stevens, 31 August 1856, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Western Washington Agency, NARA.

21.
George A. Paige to Michael T. Simmons, 30 November 1856, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Western Washington Agency, NARA; David S. Maynard to Michael T. Simmons, 19 September 1856, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Western Washington Agency, NARA; and M. Maloney, Capt. 4th Infantry at Muckleshoot, to Lt. Col. S. Casey, 9th Infantry, Commander of Puget Sound District at Fort Steilacoom, 24 November 1856, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Western Washington Agency, NARA.

22.
George A. Paige to Isaac Ingalls Stevens, 6 November 1856, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Western Washington Agency, NARA; George A. Paige to Isaac Ingalls Stevens, 30 June 1857, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Western Washington Agency, NARA.

23.
“Ordinances of the Town of Seattle,”
Seattle Weekly Gazette
, 4 March 1865.

24.
“Petition to the Honorable Arthur A. Denny, Delegate to Congress from Washington Territory,” n.d., NARA, roll 909.

25.
Arthur Denny,
Pioneer Days on Puget Sound
, 72–73.

26.
For an account of the 1960s television show, see Walt Crowley,
Rites of Passage: A Memoir of the Sixties in Seattle
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995), 260–61. For information on Asa Shinn Mercer, see Roger Conant,
Mercer's Belles: The Journal of a Reporter
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960); and Lawrence M. Woods,
Asa Shinn Mercer: Western Promoter and Newspaperman, 1839–1917
(Spokane: Arthur H. Clark Co., 2003). For similar experiments with the importation of white women north of the border, see Adele Perry,
On the Edge of Empire: Gender, Race, and the Making of British Columbia, 1849–1871
(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001).

27.
Charles W. Smith, “Asa Shinn Mercer, Pioneer in Western Publicity,”
Pacific Northwest Quarterly
27 (1936): 355;
New York Times
, 26 January 1866;
Puget Sound Daily
, 2 June 1866.

28.
Charles Prosch,
Reminiscences of Washington Territory: Scenes, Incidents, and Reflections of the Pioneer Period on Puget Sound
(Seattle: n.p., 1904), 118; N. M. Bogart, “Reminiscences of Early Pioneer Days,” n.d., MOHAI MS Collection; Charles E. Roblin, Schedule of Unenrolled Indians, n.d. (1919), U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs, NARA; Yesler, “Henry Yesler and the Founding of Seattle,” 275; “Eldest Daughter of Henry Yesler Is Dead,”
Seattle Times
, 12 February 1907; “Death of Yesler's Daughter, Julia,”
Seattle P-I
, 17 February 1907; and Kathie Zetterberg and David Wilma, “Henry Yesler's Native American Daughter Julia Is Born on June 12, 1855,”
www.historylink.org
.

29.
Blaine and Blaine,
Memoirs of Puget Sound
, 120–21; Charles Prosch,
Reminiscences
, 27; Robin D. Sword, “The ‘Saloon Crowd’ and the ‘Moral Darkness of Puget Sound,’”
Pacific Northwest Forum
4, no. 1 (1991): 95–101.

30.
W. W. Miller, “A Circular,”
Washington Standard
, 21 September 1861; Asher,
Beyond the Reservation
, 63–68; Harmon,
Indians in the Making
, 77–78; and Charles Prosch,
Reminiscences
, 27. For analysis of similar laws throughout the American West, see Peggy Pascoe, “Race, Gender, and the Privileges of Property: On the Significance of Miscegenation Law in the U.S. West,” in
Over the Edge: Remapping the American West,
ed. Valerie J. Matsumoto and Blake Allmendinger (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999), 215–30.