Muhammad (22 page)

31.
Ibid., 304–5, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

32.
Bamyeh,
Social Origins of Islam,
216–217.

33.
Aslan,
No god but God,
56–59.

34.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

35.
Qur’an 9:40.

36.
Clinton Bennet, “Islam,” in Jean Holm with John Bowker, eds,
Sacred Place
(London, 1994), 88–89; Fatima Mernissi,
Women and Islam: An Historical and Theological Enquiry,
trans. Mary Jo Lakeland (Oxford, 1991), 106–108.

37.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
247, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad,
236.

38.
Ibid., 414, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

39.
Bamyeh,
Social Origins of Islam,
218.

40.
Qur’an 8:72–73, Asad translation.

41.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
341, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad,
232.

42.
Qur’an 43:37–43, Asad translation.

43.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
386, translation in Izutsu,
Ethico-Religious Concepts,
29.

44.
Qur’an 4:137, Asad translation.

45.
Qur’an 2:8–15, Asad translation.

46.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
341, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

47.
Watt,
Muhammad at Medina,
201–2.

48.
D. S. Margoliouth,
The Relations between Arabs and Israelites Prior to the Rise of Islam
(London, 1924); Salo Wittmayer Baron,
A Social and Religious History of the Jews
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1964), 3:261; Hannah Rahman, “The Conflict between the Prophet and the Opposition in Medina,”
Der Islam
(1985); Moshe Gil, “The Medinan Opposition to the Prophet,”
Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam
(1987).

49.
S. N. Goitein,
Jews and Arabs
(New York, 1960), 63; Newby,
History of the Jews,
78–90; Aslan,
No god but God,
97–98.

50.
David J. Helperin, “The Ibn Sayyad Traditions and the Legend of al-Dajjal,”
Journal of the American Oriental Society
(1976).

51.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah
., 362, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

52.
Qur’an 6:151.

53.
Qur’an 2:111–113, 120.

54.
Qur’an 2:116, 19:88–92, 10:68, 5:73–77, 116–118.

55.
Qur’an 5:73.

56.
Qur’an 3:115, Asad translation.

57.
Qur’an 2:67–68, Asad translation.

58.
Qur’an 3:65.

59.
Qur’an 3:67, in Arthur J. Arberry, trans. and ed.,
The Koran Interpreted
(Oxford, 1964).

60.
Qur’an 6:159, Asad translation.

61.
Qur’an 6:161–3.

62.
Qur’an 2:144, Asad translation.

63.
Qur’an 2:150, Asad translation.

4.
Jihad

1.
Muhammad A. Bamyeh,
The Social Origins of Islam: Mind, Economy, Discourse
(Minneapolis, 1999), 198.

2.
W. Montgomery Watt,
Muhammad at Medina
(Oxford, 1956), 2–5.

3.
Qur’an 2:216.

4.
Qur’an 22:36–40, in Muhammad Asad, trans.,
The Message of the Qur’an
(Gibraltar, 1980).

5.
Qur’an 2:190.

6.
Watt,
Muhammad at Medina,
6–8; Bamyeh,
Social Origins of Islam,
198–99; Marshall G. S. Hodgson,
The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization,
3 vols (Chicago and London, 1974), 1:175–76; Tor Andrae,
Muhammad: The Man and His Faith,
trans. Theophil Menzel (London, 1936), 195–201.

7.
Qur’an 2:217, Asad translation.

8.
Bamyeh,
Social Origins of Islam,
200, 231; Andrae,
Muhammad,
203–6; Watt,
Muhammad at Medina,
11–20; Martin Lings,
Mohammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources
(London, 1983), 138–59.

9.
Muhammad Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
435, in A. Guillaume, trans. and ed.,
The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ishaq’s
Sirat Rasul Allah (London, 1955).

10.
Ibid.

11.
Qur’an 8:5–9.

12.
Muhammad Ibn Jarir at-Tabari,
Ta’rikh ar-Rasul wa’l Muluk
,in Fatima Mernissi,
Women in Islam: An Historical and Theological Enquiry
, trans. Mary Jo Lakeland (Oxford, 1991), 90.

13.
Qur’an 8:8.

14.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
442, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

15.
Qur’an 47:5.

16.
Qur’an 3:147–48, 8:16–17, 61:5.

17.
Qur’an 2:193–194.

18.
Qur’an 8:62–63.

19.
Qur’an 5:45, Asad translation.

20.
Qur’an 4:90.

21.
Reza Aslan,
No god but God: The Origins, Evolution and Future of Islam
(New York and London, 2005), 89–90; Watt,
Muhammad at Medina,
225–43.

22.
Nabia Abbott,
Aishah, the Beloved of Muhammad
(Chicago, 1992), 67.

23.
Mernissi,
Women and Islam,
106–11.

24.
Muhammad al-Bukhari,
Al-Sahih
(Beirut, 1978); Mernissi,
Women and Islam,
142–3; Leila Ahmed,
Women and Gender in Islam
(New Haven and London, 1992), 52–53.

25.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Raszul Allah,
543, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

26.
Aslan,
No god but God,
89–90; Lings,
Muhammad,
160–62; Andrae,
Muhammad,
207; Watt,
Muhammad at Medina,
190–210.

27.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
296, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

28.
M. J. Kister, “Al-Hira: Some Notes on its Relations with Arabia,”
Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam
6 (1985).

29.
Lings,
Muhammad,
170–97; Andrae,
Muhammad,
210–2213; Watt,
Muhammad at Medina,
20–30.

30.
Ibn Ishaq, 717, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

31.
Qur’an 4:3–3, Asad translation.

32.
Watt,
Muhammad at Medina,
272–83, 289–93; cf. Ahmed,
Women and Gender in Islam,
43–44, 52.

33.
Mernissi,
Women and Islam,
123, 182.

34.
Qur’an 24:33, in Arthur J. Arberry,
The Koran Intepreted
(Oxford, 1964).

35.
Mernissi,
Women and Islam,
162–3; Ahmed,
Women and Gender in Islam,
53.

36.
Lings,
Muhammad,
203–4; Watt,
Muhammad at Medina,
185, 211–17; Aslan,
No god but God,
90–91; Bamyeh,
Social Origins of Islam,
201–2.

37.
Lings,
Muhammad,
207–8.

38.
Qur’an 24:53, 32:29, 47:35,46. Watt,
Muhammad at Medina,
231–4.

39.
Qur’an 4:102; Lings,
Muhammad,
208–10; Mernissi,
Women and Islam,
163–7.

40.
Lings,
Muhammad,
21–212; Mernissi,
Women and Islam,
153–4, 172.

41.
Qur’an 49:2, 4–5.

42.
Muhammad ibn Sa‘d,
Tabaqat al-kubra
(Beirut, n.d.), 8:174; Mernissi,
Women and Islam,
172.

43.
Lings,
Muhammad,
107–8; Mernissi,
Women and Islam,
174.

44.
Tabari,
Tafsir
(Cairo, n.d.), 22:10; Mernissi,
Women and Islam,
115–31. In some versions, all Muhammad’s wives, not simply Umm Salamah, take the initiative.

45.
Qur’an 33:35.

46.
Qur’an 4:37.

47.
Qur’an 4:23.

48.
Qur’an 2:225–240, 65:1–70.

49.
Tabari,
Tafsir,
9:235; Mernissi,
Women and Islam,
131–32; Ahmed,
Women and Gender in Islam,
53.

50.
Qur’an 4:19.

51.
Tabari,
Tafsir,
8:261; Mernissi,
Women and Islam,
132.

52.
Mernissi,
Women and Islam,
154–59.

53.
Ibn Sa’d,
Tabaqat,
8:205.

54.
Ibid.

55.
Qur’an 4:34.

56.
Ibn Sa’d,
Tabaqat,
8:204.

57.
Lings,
Muhammad,
215–30; Watt,
Muhammad at Medina,
36–58; Mernissi,
Women and Islam,
168–70.

58.
Ibn Ishaq, 677, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

59.
Qur’an 33:12.

60.
Qur’an 33:10–11.

61.
Ibn Ishaq, 683, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

62.
Ibid., 689.

63.
Aslan,
No god but God,
91–98; Norman A. Stillman,
The Jews of Arab Lands
(Philadelphia, 1979).

64.
Qur’an 29:46, Asad translation.

5.
Salam

1.
Muhammad ibn ‘Umar al-Waqidi,
Kitab al-Maghazi
, 488–490, in Martin Lings,
Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources
(London, 1983), 227.

2.
Fatima Mernissi,
Women and Islam: An Historical and Theological Enquiry,
trans. Mary Jo Lakeland (Oxford, 1991), 17–172.

3.
Qur’an 33:51, 63.

4.
Qur’an 33:59–60.

5.
Lings,
Muhammad,
212–214; Tor Andrae,
Muhammad: The Man and His Faith,
trans. Theophil Menzil (London, 1936), 215–16.

6.
Qur’an 33:36–40.

7.
Qur’an 33:53, in Muhammad Asad, trans.,
The Message of the Qur’an
(Gibraltar, 1980).

8.
Qur’an 33:53, 59.

9.
Mernissi,
Women and Islam,
88–191; Leila Ahmed,
Women and Gender in Islam
(New Haven and London, 1992), 53–57.

10.
Mernissi,
Women and Islam,
177–78; Lings,
Muhammad,
235–45; W. Montgomery Watt,
Muhammad at Medina
(Oxford, 1956), 185–86; Ahmed,
Women and Gender in Islam,
51.

11.
Muhammad Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
726, in A. Guillaume, trans. and ed.,
The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ishaq’s
Sirat Rasul Allah (London, 1955).

12.
Qur’an 12:18, Asad translation.

13.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
735, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

14.
Qur’an 24:11.

15.
Lings,
Muhammad,
247–55; Andrae,
Muhammad,
219–27; Watt,
Muhammad at Medina,
46–59, 234–35; Mohammad A. Bamyeh,
The Social Origins of Islam, Mind, Economy, Discourse
(Minneapolis, 1999), 222–27.

16.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
748, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

17.
Ibid., 741.

18.
Ibid., 743.

19.
Ibid.

20.
Ibid., 745.

21.
Watt,
Muhammad at Medina,
50.

22.
Qur’an 2:193.

23.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
748, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

24.
Ibid., 747.

25.
Bamyeh,
Social Origins of Islam,
226–27.

26.
Mernissi,
Women in Islam,
184–86.

27.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
747, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

28.
Ibid., 748.

29.
Lings,
Muhammad,
254.

30.
Ibid., 255.

31.
Qur’an 48:26, translation by Toshihiko Izutsu,
Ethico-Religious Concepts in the Qur’an
(Montreal and Kingston, ON, 2002), 31.

32.
Qur’an 48:29, in Arthur J. Arberry,
The Koran Interpreted
(Oxford, 1964).

33.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
751, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

34.
Qur’an 110, in Michael Sells, ed. and trans.,
Approaching the Qur’an, The Early Revelations
(Ashland, OR, 1999).

35.
Ibn Sa‘d,
Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir,
7:147, in Lings,
Muhammad,
271.

36.
Lings,
Muhammad,
282.

37.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
717, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

38.
Qur’an 17:82, Arberry translation.

39.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
821, in Asad,
Message of the Qur’an,
794.

40.
Qur’an 49:13, Asad translation.

41.
Abu Ja’far at-Tabari,
Tariq ar-Rasul wa’-Muluk,
1642, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad,
553.

42.
Lings,
Muhammad,
311.

43.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
886, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

44.
Bamyeh,
Social Origins of Islam,
227–29.

45.
Waqidi, 837–38, in Bamyeh,
Social Origins of Islam,
228.

46.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
969, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

47.
Ibid., 1006.

48.
Ibid., 1006.

49.
Ibid., 1012.

50.
Qur’an 3:144, Arberry translation.