Muhammad (21 page)

Juwayriyyah bint al-Harith Daughter of a Bedouin chieftain; wife of Muhammad.

Khadijah bint al-Khuwaylid Muhammad’s first wife.

Khalid ibn al-Walid One of Mecca’s outstanding warriors; opponent of Muhammad for many years.

Khazraj One of the Arab tribes in Medina.

Khuza’ah One of the Bedouin tribes that had controlled the Meccan sanctuary before the arrival of the Quraysh.

Kilab An Arab tribe allied to the Jewish tribe of Quraysh.

Makhzum A Meccan clan of Quraysh.

Maryam An Egyptian Christian;
saraya
wife of Muhammad.

Maymunah bint al-Harith Sister of ‘Abbas; married to Muhammad during the Lesser Pilgrimage of 629.

Mus‘ab ibn ‘Umayr The Muslim sent to instruct the Medinese before the
hijrah.

Mu’tim ibn ‘Adi Muhammad’s protector during his last years in Mecca before the
hijrah.

Nadir A powerful Jewish tribe of Medina opposed to Muhammad; exiled from Medina after an assassination attempt; took refuge in Khaybar. Nadiri: a member of Nadir.

Qaswa’ Muhammad’s favorite camel.

Qaynuqa‘ A Jewish tribe in Medina that controlled the market; they rebelled against Muhammad and were expelled from Medina.

Quraysh Muhammad’s tribe, rulers of Mecca;
Adj.
Qurayshan; Qurayshi; a member of the tribe.

Qurayzah A Jewish tribe that collaborated with Mecca during the Battle of Trench; the men were executed, the women and children sold into slavery.

Qusayy ibn Kilab The founder of the tribe of Quraysh.

Ruqayyah bint Muhammad Daughter of Khadijah and Muhammad; married to ‘Uthman ibn‘ Affan.

Sa‘d ibn Mu‘adh A chieftain of the Aws tribe in Medina.

Sa‘d ibn ‘Ubadah A chieftain of Khazraj tribe in Medina.

Safiyyah bint Huyay Muhammad’s Jewish wife, married to him after the conquest of Khaybar.

Safwan ibn al-Mu‘attal A friend of ‘A’isha; Muhammad’s Medinese opponents spread slanderous rumors about their relationship.

Safwan ibn Umayyah One of the leading members of the opposition to Muhammad in Mecca.

Sawdah bint Zam‘ah Wife of Muhammad; the cousin and sister-in-law of Suhayl ibn ‘Amr.

Suhayl ibn ‘Amr Chief of the clan of Amir in Mecca; a devout pagan; a leading member of the opposition to Muhammad.

Thalabah One of the twenty Jewish tribes of Yathrib/Medina.

Thaqif An Arab tribe, settled in Ta’if; the allies of the Quraysh; opponents of Muhammad.

‘Ubaydallah ibn al-Harith An experienced Qurayshan warrior who converted to Islam.

‘Ubaydallah ibn Jahsh Cousin of Muhammad; a
hanif
who converted to Christianity.

Umamah bint ‘Abu l-‘As The granddaughter of Muhammad; the daughter of Zaynab bint Muhammad.

‘Umar ibn al-Khattab The nephew of Abu Jahl; at first passionately opposed to Muhammad, but later became one of his closest companions.

Umayyah A powerful Meccan clan of Quraysh.

Ummayah ibn Khalaf Chief of the Meccan clan of Jumah; an inveterate opponent of Muhammad.

Umm Habibah Daughter of Abu Sufyan; one of the émigrés to Abyssinia; married to Muhammad on her return.

Umm Han’ bint Abi Talib Muhammad’s cousin.

Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad Daughter of Muhammad and Khadijah; married ‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan after the death of Ruqayyah.

Umm Salamah bint Abi Umayyah One of the most sophisticated and intelligent of Muhammad’s wives.

‘Urwah ibn Mas‘ud A member of Thaqif; an ally of the Quraysh and an opponent of Muhammad.

‘Utbah ibn Rabi‘ah A leading member of the Meccan clan of ‘Abd Shams, with a summer home in Ta’if; an opponent of Muhammad.

‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan One of the earliest converts, with family connections to some of the most powerful clans in Mecca; he became Muhammad’s son-in-law.

Waraqah Ibn Nawfal Cousin of Khadijah; a
hanif
who had converted to Christianity.

Zayd ibn al-Harith The adopted son of Muhammad and Khadijah; married to Zayab bint Jahsh, Muhammad’s cousin.

Zayd ibn ‘Amr One of the early
hanifs
, who was driven out of Mecca because of his stinging criticism of the traditional pagan religion; the uncle of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab.

Zaynab bint Jahsh Muhammad’s cousin; married first to Zayd ibn al-Harith; after their divorce, she married Muhammad.

Zaynab bint Khuzaymah Muhammad’s wife; the daughter of the chief of the Bedouin tribe of ‘Amir; she died eight months after her marriage to the Prophet.

Zaynab bint Muhammad The daughter of Muhammad and Khadijah; the wife of ‘Abu al-‘As; a devout pagan who for many years resisted conversion to Islam.

Notes

1.
Mecca

1.
Tor Andrae,
Muhammad: The Man and His Faith,
trans. Theophil Menzel (London, 1936), 59.

2.
Quoted in R. A. Nicholson,
A Literary History of the Arabs
(Cambridge, 1953), 83.

3.
Toshihiko Izutsu,
Ethico-Religious Concepts in the Qur’an
(Montreal and Kingston, ON, 2002), 46.

4.
Ibid., 63.

5.
Labid ibn ‘Rabi‘ah,
Mu’allaqah,
5.81, in Izutsu,
Ethico-Religious Concepts,
63; cf. Qur’an 2:170, 43:22–24.

6.
Izutsu,
Ethico-Religious Concepts,
72.

7.
Ibid., 29.

8.
Zuhayr ibn ‘Abi Salma, verses 38–39 in Izutsu,
Ethico-Religious Concepts,
84.

9.
Nicholson,
Literary History,
93.

10.
Mohammad A. Bamyeh,
The Social Origins of Islam: Mind, Economy, Discourse
(Minneapolis, 1999), 17–20.

11.
Ibid., 30.

12.
Ibid., 11–12.

13.
Ibid., 38.

14.
Qur’an 105.

15.
Johannes Sloek,
Devotional Language,
trans. Henrick Mossin (Berlin and New York, 1996), 89–90.

16.
Bamyeh,
Social Origins of Islam,
32.

17.
Ibid., 43.

18.
Muhammad ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
120, in A. Guillaume, trans.,
The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ishaq’s
Sirat Rasul Allah (London, 1955); cf. Leila Ahmed,
Women and Gender in Islam
(New Haven and London, 1992), 42.

19.
Ibid., 155, Guillaume translation.

20.
Qur’an 103:2–3.

21.
Qur’an 6:70, 7:51.

22.
Wilhelm Schmidt,
The Origin of the Idea of God
(New York, 1912),
passim
.

23.
Qur’an 10:22–24, 24:61, 63, 39:38, 43:87, 106:1–3.

24.
Izutsu,
God and Man in the Koran, Semantics of the Koranic Weltanschauung
(Tokyo, 1964), 93–101, 124–129.

25.
F. E. Peters,
The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places
(Princeton, 1994), 24–27.

26.
Ibn al-Kalbi,
The Book of Idols
in Peters,
Hajj,
29.

27.
Bamyeh,
Social Origins of Islam,
22–24.

28.
Ibid., 79–80; Reza Aslan,
No god but God, The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam
(New York and London, 2005), 9–13.

29.
Genesis 16.

30.
Flavius Josephus,
The Antiquities of the Jews,
1.12.2.

31.
Bamyeh,
Social Origins of Islam,
25–27.

32.
Psalm 135:5.

33.
Bamyeh,
Social Origins of Islam,
89–144; Aslan,
No god but God,
13–15; Izutsu,
God and Man,
107–18.

34.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
143, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

35.
Ibid., 145, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

36.
Peters,
Hajj,
39–40.

37.
Izutsu,
God and Man,
148.

38.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
151, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad,
105.

39.
Qur’an 96 in Michael Sells, ed. and trans.,
Approaching the Qur’an: The Early Revelations
(Ashland, OR, 1999). Muhammad Asad translates lines 6–8: “Verily man becomes grossly over-weening whenever he believes himself to be self-sufficient: for, behold, unto thy Sustainer all must return.”

40.
Qur’an 53:5–9, Sells translation.

41.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
153, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

42.
Ibid.

43.
Ibid., 154.

44.
Qur’an 21:91, 19:16–27. Sells,
Approaching the Qur’an,
187–93.

45.
Qur’an 97, Sells translation.

46.
Rudolf Otto,
The Idea of the Holy: An Inquiry into the Non Rational Factor in the Idea of the Divine and its relation to the rational,
trans. John W. Harvey, 2nd ed., (London, Oxford and New York, 1950), 12–40.

47.
Qur’an 93, Sells translation.

2.
Jahiliyyah

1.
This was noted by the seventh century Meccan historian Ibn Shifan al-Zuhri, who is quoted in W. Montgomery Watt,
Muhammad at Mecca
(Oxford, 1953), 87.

2.
Muhammad ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
161, in A. Guillaume, trans. and ed.,
The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ishaq’s
Sirat Rasul Allah (London, 1955), 115.

3.
Muhammad ibn Sa’d,
Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir,
4.1.68, in Martin Lings,
Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources
(London, 1983), 47.

4.
Ibn Sa’d, 3.1.37,
Kitab at-Tabaqat,
in Lings,
Muhammad,
47.

5.
Qur’an 27:45–46, 28:4.

6.
Jalal al-Din Suyuti,
al-itqan fi’ulum al-aq’ran,
quoted in Maxime Rodinson,
Mohammed,
trans. Anne Carter (London, 1971), 74.

7.
Bukhari,
Hadith
1.3, in Lings,
Muhammad,
44–45.

8.
Qur’an 20:114, 75:16–18.

9.
Michael Sells, ed. and trans.,
Approaching the Qur’an: The Early Revelations
(Ashland, OR, 1999), xvi.

10.
Sells,
Approaching the Qur’an,
183–84.

11.
Mircea Eliade,
Yoga: Immorality and Freedom,
trans. Willard Trask (London, 1958), 56.

12.
Sells,
Approaching the Qur’an,
183–204. See also Qur’an 81:8–9.

13.
See Qur’an 82:17–18, 83:8–9, 19.

14.
Sells,
Approaching the Qur’an,
xliii.

15.
Qur’an 81:1–6, 14, in Sells,
Approaching the Qur’an
.

16.
Qur’an 99:6–9, Sells translation.

17.
Qur’an 90:13–16, Sells translation.

18.
Qur’an 81:26, Sells translation.

19.
Qur’an 88:21–22.

20.
Qur’an 88:17–20, Sells translation.

21.
Watt,
Muhammad at Mecca,
68.

22.
Qur’an 26:214.

23.
Qur’an 17:26–27.

24.
Abu Ja’rir at-Tabari,
Ta’rikh ar-Rasul wa’l Muluk,
1171 in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad,
117–118.

25.
Qur’an 83:4, 37:12–19.

26.
Qur’an 45:23, 36:77–83.

27.
Qur’an 83:10–12.

28.
Qur’an 6:108, 27:45, 10:71–72. Mohammed A. Bamyeh,
The Social Origins of Islam, Mind, Economy, Discourse
(Minneapolis, 1999), 180–184.

29.
Qur’an 10:72.

30.
Wilfred Cantwell Smith,
Faith and Belief
(Princeton, 1979), 44–46; Toshihiko Izutsu,
Ethico-Religious Concepts in the Qur’an
(Montreal and Kingston, ON, 2002), 132–133.

31.
Tor Andrae,
Muhammad: The Man and His Faith,
trans. Theophil Menzel (London: 1936), 22–35; W. Montgomery Watt,
Muhammad’s Mecca: History in the Qur’an
(Edinburgh, 1988), 69–73; Watt,
Muhammad at Mecca,
103–109; Bamyeh,
Social Origins of Islam,
208–9.

32.
Ibn Sa’d,
Kitab at-Tabaqat
8i, 137, in Bamyeh,
Social Origins of Islam,
208.

33.
Tabari,
Ta’rikh ar-Rasul,
1192, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad,
165.

34.
Qur’an 53:12.

35.
Qur’an 53:26.

36.
Tabari,
Ta’rikh ar-Rasul,
1192, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad,
166.

37.
Ibn Sa’d,
Kitab at-Tabaqat,
137, in Andrae,
Muhammad,
22.

38.
Tabari,
Ta’rikh ar-Rasul,
1192, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad,
166.

39.
Qur’an 22:52.

40.
Qur’an 53:19–23, in Muhammad Asad, trans. and ed.,
The Message of the Qur’an
(Gibraltar, 1980).

41.
Qur’an 39:23, translation by Izutsu,
Ethico-Religious Concepts,
197.

42.
Qur’an 59:21, Asad translation.

43.
Qur’an 29:17, 10:18, 39:43.

44.
Qur’an 112, Sells translation.

45.
Reza Aslan,
No god but God: The Origins, Evolution and Future of Islam
(London and New York, 2005), 43–46.

46.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
167–8, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad,
119.

47.
Qur’an 17:46, 39:45.

48.
Qur’an 38:6.

49.
Qur’an 38:4–5.

50.
Qur’an 41:6.

51.
Qur’an 80:1–10.

52.
Izutsu,
Ethico-Religious Concepts,
66; Cantwell Smith,
Faith and Belief,
39–40.

53.
Qur’an 29:61–63, 2:89, 27:14.

54.
Qur’an 17:23–24, 46:15. Asad translation.

55.
Izutsu,
Ethico-Religious Concepts,
127–57.

56.
Qur’an 7:75–76, 39:59, 31:17–18, 23:45–47, 38:71–75.

57.
Qur’an 15:94–96, 21:36, 18:106, 40:4–5, 68:56, 22:8–9.

58.
Qur’an 41:3–5, 83:14, 2:6–7.

59.
Izutsu,
Ethico-Religious Concepts,
28–45.

60.
Ibid., 28.

61.
Ibid., 68–69, Qur’an 14:47, 39:37, 15:79, 30:47, 44:16.

62.
Qur’an 90:13–17.

63.
Qur’an 25:63, Asad translation.

64.
Qur’an 111. This is the only occasion when the Qur’an mentions one of Muhammad’s enemies by name.

65.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
183–4 in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad,
130–31.

66.
Ibid., in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad,
132.

67.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
227, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad,
157.

68.
Ibid., 228, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad,
158.

69.
Aslan,
No god but God,
46.

70.
Qur’an 11:100.

71.
Qur’an 2:100, 13:37, 16:101, 17:41, 17:86.

72.
Qur’an 109, Sells translation.

73.
Qur’an 2:256, Asad translation.

3.
Hijrah

1.
Muhammad ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
278, in A. Guillaume, trans. and ed.,
The Life of Muhammad
(London, 1955), 169–70.

2.
Ibid., 280, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad,
193.

3.
Qur’an 46:29–32, 72:1, in Muhammad Asad, trans. and ed.,
The Message of the Qur’an
(Gibraltar, 1980). This is Asad’s explanation of this incident, given in the textual notes that accompany this passage, which he admits is tentative.

4.
Qur’an 17:1, Asad translation.

5.
Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari,
Ta’rikh ar Rasul wa’l Muluk
, 2210, Muhammad A. Bamyeh,
The Social Origins of Islam: Mind, Economy, Discourse
(Minneapolis, 1999), 144–45.

6.
Qur’an 53:15–18 in Michael Sells, trans. and ed.,
Approaching the Qur’an; The Early Revelations
(Ashland, OR, 1999).

7.
Sells, ibid., xvii–xviii.

8.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
271, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

9.
Qur’an 3:84,cf. 2:136, Asad translation.

10.
Toshihiko Izutsu,
Ethico-Religious Concepts in the Qur’an
(Montreal and Kingston, ON, 2002), 189.

11.
Qur’an 3:85, Asad translation.

12.
Qur’an 12:111.

13.
Qur’an 5:69, Asad translation.

14.
Qur’an 5:48, Asad translation.

15.
Qur’an 24:35, Asad translation.

16.
Martin Lings,
Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources
(London: Islamic Society Texts, 1983), 57, 105–111; W. Montgomery Watt,
Muhammad at Mecca
(Oxford, 1953), 141–49; Watt,
Muhammad at Medina
(Oxford, 1956), 173–231.

17.
Reza Aslan,
No god but God: The Origins, Evolution and Future of Islam
(London and New York, 2005), 54; Gordon Newby,
A History of the Jews in Arabia
(Columbia, SC, 1988), 75–79, 84–85; Moshe Gil, “Origin of the Jews of Yathrib,”
Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam
(1984).

18.
Muhammad ibn ‘Umar al-Waqidi,
Kitab al-Maghazi
in Aslan,
No god but God,
54.

19.
Ibn Ishaq, 287, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

20.
Ibid., 289, in Bamyeh,
Social Origins of Islam,
153–54.

21.
Ibid., 291–2, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.

22.
Bamyeh,
Social Origins of Islam,
153–3.

23.
Qur’an 5:5–7; cf. Acts of Apostles 15:19–21, 29.

24.
Qur’an 10:47.

25.
Qur’an 8:30, 27:48–51.

26.
Qur’an 60:1, 47–13.

27.
W. Montgomery Watt,
Muhammad’s Mecca: History of the Qur’an
(Edinburgh, 1988), 101–6;
Muhammad at Mecca,
149–51.

28.
Watt,
Muhammad’s Mecca,
25.

29.
Izutsu,
Ethico-Religious Concepts,
56.

30.
Ibn Ishaq,
Sirat Rasul Allah,
297, in Guillaume,
Life of Muhammad
.