Men of Bronze: Hoplite Warfare in Ancient Greece (72 page)

Rawlinson, George,
144

Renfrew, C.,
196

Rieth, Adolf,
158
–
59
,
161

Runciman, W. G.,
79

Rüstow, W.,
23
,
135
,
138

Rutherford, Ian,
141
,
151n.39

Salmon, John,
39
–
42

Sappho,
234

Sargon II (king of Assyria)
98
,
181

Scheidel, W.,
123

Schleif, Hans,
159

scholarship: the historical approach to,
89
–
90
; the iconographical approach to,
90
; the philological approach to,
88
–
89
.
see also
sources

Schwartz, Adam,
90
,
116
,
128n.28
,
139
,
146

Schwertfeger, T.,
171n.27

Scott, Robert,
144

Sennacherib (king of Assyria)
181

shields: Assyrian,
180
; Boeotian,
136
–
37
,
148
; circular used by seafaring soldiers,
189
; of Dark Age warriors,
114
; hoplite (
see
hoplite shield
); materials and designs for,
135
–
37
,
157
–
61
; police use of,
139
,
164
–
65
; reenactors use of,
139
; single-grip, advantages of,
116
–
17
,
163

ships.
see
warships

Sidebottom, Harry,
54n.124

Sitch, Craig,
136

Snodgrass, Anthony: Carian claim to military inventions, denial of,
184
; Cartledge’s commendation for,
74
; Corinthian helmet’s craftsman-ship, significance of,
72n.7
; gradualist critique of the hoplite orthodoxy,
xiv
,
35
–
40
,
42
,
114
; Greek warfare, contribution to understanding,
134
; Homeric poems as source on warfare,
45
,
129n.55
; hoplite equipment, weight of,
127
–
28n.28
; hoplite equipment in open and fluid style of fighting,
243
; hoplite orthodoxy, contribution to,
269
; iconographic commentary of,
67
–
69
; mercenary tradition, mercantile nature of,
186
; Near Eastern influences on Greek military development,
96
,
99
–
100
,
102
,
180
; the panoply,
87
,
99
–
100
; physical evidence, starting from,
119
,
148
; population growth in Athens,
131n.87

Snyder, Zack,
134

soldiers of fortune: artwork, depicted in,
182
–
84
; in Egypt and Babylon,
184
–
86
; Greek
vs
. Greek conflicts and,
185
–
86
; hoplites as,
88
,
179
–
80
,
190
–
91
; mercantile nature of, impact on Greek economy and,
186
–
87
; in the Near East,
180
–
84
; seaborne expeditions and raiding,
187
–
90
; use of mercenaries by Greek city-states,
9
–
10

Solon: agrarian reforms and resistance to the redistribution of land,
232
; aristocrats and oligarchy, reform of,
6
; the hoplite revolution in Athens and,
125
–
26
; moderation in pursuit of wealth urged by,
235
; Nilsson’s use of,
13
; property classes, system of,
20
,
229
–
33
,
229
–
37
; the
thetes
class (hired laborers), exploitation of and the uneven distribution of wealth,
232
–
33
; tyrant, pride in not imposing himself as,
238
; the
zeugitai
class as yeoman farmers,
229
–
32

Sophanes,
136

sources: Aristotle as,
79
–
80
; the double-handed hoplite shield, peculiarity of,
77
–
78
; military transformation in Sparta prior to 500, limited knowledge of,
77
; problems of,
75
–
76
,
256
–
57
; Tyrtaeus/Tyrtaios, challenge of interpreting,
12
–
13
,
51n.54
–55
76
.
See also
data

Southern Argolid Survey,
205
–
7

Sparta: as a conquest-state,
77
; disciplinary punishment,
161
–
62
; distribution of land and wealth, concerns regarding,
233
; emergence of hoplites in,
20
; the hoplite revolution in,
125
; major military transformation prior to 500, limited knowledge of,
77
; membership in the polis and military service in,
97
; political stability, strategies for achieving,
239
; soldier-citizens of, landowners as,
224
; transition to oligarchy in,
6

Starr, C. G.,
130
–
31n.85

Strabo,
240

Tarn, W. W.,
23

Themistocles,
21

Theognis of Megara,
233
–
35

Thompson, James,
166

Thucydides: battle formations and procedure,
8
–
9
,
42
–
44
,
53n.114
,
117
–
18
,
138
,
140
–
41
,
145
; battle narratives of, collective action recorded in,
264
; “hoplite,” usage of,
137
;
ōthismós
in,
144
; phalanx in battle of Mantinea, description of,
3
; “phalanx,” usage of,
137
; pipers, use of,
65
,
138
; “stand at ease” command recorded by,
168
; Syracuse, battle of,
137
; on war,
1
; war as a violent teacher,
262

Tiglath-pileser III (king of Assyria),
98
,
180
–
81

Troy
(Petersen),
143

Trundle, Matthew,
182

Tullius, Servius,
40

Tuplin, C. J.,
198
–
99

tyrants,
18
–
20
,
28
–
29
,
114

Tyrtaeus/Tyrtaois: difficulties of interpreting,
12
–
13
,
51n.54
–
55
76
; fighting tactics described by,
42
,
47
–
49
,
138
,
150n.14
; hoplite ethos advanced by,
121
,
177
,
179
; Lykurgos, no mention of,
77
; phalanx, references to,
118
–
19
; redistribution of land in Sparta,
233

van Wees, Hans: agrarianism and hoplite service, break between,
271n.12
; battle formation, spacing of men in,
140
; critique of the hoplite orthodoxy,
xv
–
xvii
; data sources used by,
195
; evidence used by Hanson, challenge to,
217
; fighting in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea,
70
; fighting styles and equipment, fluidity of,
46
–
47
,
70
,
115
; the gentleman farmer model and the competition for wealth,
236
–
40
(
see also
historical development
); gradualism of,
91
,
95
; Hanson’s yeoman farmer model, critique of (
see
historical development
); Homer, interpretation of,
46
–
47
,
86
,
91
,
101
; hoplite shield and massed combat, view of,
58
–
59
,
78
,
91
–
92
,
116
–
17
; iconographic commentary of,
65
–
66
,
68
,
70
; Near Eastern influence on Greek military practices, ignoring of,
96
; phalanx, timing of development of,
49
,
152n.74
; propertied leisure class, hoplites as product of,
177
,
195
; soldiers of fortune, Greeks as,
179
–
80
; soldiers of fortune and of Greek city-states, relationship of,
186
; Tyrtaeus,
interpretation of,
47
–
49
; working-class hoplite, characteristics of typical,
271n.11

Veith, Georg,
23
,
145

Viggiano, Greg,
91

Vikings,
186
–
87
,
189

Wagstaff, M.,
196

warfare: change in Greek after Persian invasions of the fifth century,
23
; connection to politics, formation of the polis and,
75
; division of forces by weapons,
97
–
99
,
102
–
3
,
149
; economy of hoplite,
17
–
18
,
23
; formations (
see
battle formations
;
phalanx, the
); frequency of,
74
,
178
–
79
,
261
–
62
; Hanson’s interpretation of hoplite,
21
–
28
,
134
–
35
; Homer as source on,
44
–
47
; the hoplite revolution in,
xi
–
xiv
; length of Archaic wars,
135
; paradoxes in Greek,
7
–
8
; tactics (
see
battle tactics
).
See also
military practices

warships: aristocratic ownership of,
187
–
90
; seaborne expeditions of soldiers of fortune,
187
–
90
; wars for naval hegemony and adoption of the trireme,
240

weapons: spears,
141
–
42
,
150n.8
.
see also
equipment

West, M. L.,
246n.23

Wheeler, Everett,
96
,
143
,
273n.31
,
274n.33

Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Ulrich von,
12

Wolf, Friedrich August,
3

Woodhouse, W. J.,
145

Woodward, A. M.,
12
–
13

Xenophon: battle narratives of,
264
–
65
,
268
; battle tactics, discussion of,
43
; citizen
vs
. mercenary armies,
173n.60
; exemption of Athenian citizens from work, schemes for,
242
–
43
; as Greek commander,
162
; the Greek mercenary tradition and,
182
; Koroneia, on the battle of,
53n.116
,
142
–
43
; landowners “toil” on large classical estates,
228
; the prebattle paean,
141
; pushing and shoving of hoplites,
144
,
147
; Spartan disciplinary punishment, holding the shield as,
161
–
62
; spears, hoplite use of,
141
; “stand at ease” command recorded by,
168
; warfare as a nearly constant state,
261
–
62

Yadin, Yigael,
100

yeoman or middling farmers.
See
historical development