Medieval Hunting (30 page)

3.   Janet Backhouse,
The Luttrell Psalter
(London, 1989), p. 48.

4.   
Ibid.
, p. 14.

5.   Birrell, p. 87.

6.   Nicholas Orme,
Medieval Children
(New Haven and London, 2001 repr. 2002), p. 182.

7.   MG, 1904, p. 14.

8.   Ldc, Tilander, p. 259, fol. 87, l. 9.

9.   
Ibid.
, p. 251, fol. 83, ll. 18–19:

et est droitement deduit d'omme gros ou d'omme vieill ou d'un prelat ou d'omme qui ne veult travaillier . . . mes non pas pour homme qui veult chascier par mestrise et par droyte venerie.

10.   Edith Rickert,
The Babees' Book: Medieval Manners for the Young: Done into Modern English from Dr. Furnivall's Texts
(London, 1923).

11.   H & H, p. 234.

12.   Maurice Keen,
The Outlaws of Medieval Legend
(London, 1977), p. 166; extract from
Knighton's Chronicle
.

13.   
Ibid.
, p. 166.

14.   Roger B. Manning,
Hunters and Poachers
(Oxford, 1993), p. 17.

15.   A.R. Myers (ed.),
English Historical Documents, 1327–1485
(London, 1969), p. 1004 569, ‘The lower orders are not to be allowed to hunt, 1390'.

16.   Nicholas Orme,
From Childhood to Chivalry
(London, 1984), pp. 191–2.

17.   A.R. Myers (ed.),
English Historical Documents, 1327–1485
p. 1004 569.

18.   A.J. Pollard,
Late Medieval England 1399–1509
(Harlow, 2000), p. 186.

19.   The author is grateful to Professor Anthony J. Pollard for access to, and use of, his unpublished conference paper ‘The 1390 Game Law'.

20.   Myers (ed.),
English Historical Documents, 1327–1485
(London, 1969), pp. 1153 and 1178.

21.   Pollard,
Late Medieval England 1399–1509
, p. 189.

22.   Maurice Keen,
English Society in the Later Middle Ages 1348–1500
(London, 1990), p. 15.

23.   R. Trevor Davies,
Documents Illustrating the History of Civilisation in Medieval England (1066–1500)
(New York and London, 1926; repr. 1969), p. 147.

24.   H & H, p. 234.

25.   Rose-Marie and Rainer Hagen,
15th Century Paintings
(Cologne, 2001), p. 25.

26.   Compton Reeves, ‘The Sumptuary Statute of 1363: A look at the aims and effectiveness of English legislation on diet and clothing',
Medieval Life
, Issue 16, Winter 2001/2 (Gilling East, York), p. 18.

27.   Frederick II of Hohenstaufen,
The Art of Falconry
, trans. and ed. Casey A. Wood and F. Marjorie Fyfe (Stanford, 1943; repr. 1955), p. 280.

28.   H & H, p. 178.

29.   William Twiti,
The Art of Hunting, 1327
, ed. Bror Danielsson (Stockholm, 1977), text, p. 22; see plates 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 11, 15, 17, 21, 22 after p. 116.

30.   London, British Library,
Queen Mary's Psalter
, MS Royal 2. B. VII, fol. 112.

31.   Blüchel,
Game and Hunting
, p. 220.

32.   Maurice Keen,
The Outlaws of Medieval Legend
(London, 1977), p. 2.

33.   Ldc, 616, Ch. 40, fol. 70.

34.   Richard Almond and A.J. Pollard, ‘The Yeomanry of Robin Hood and Social Terminology in Fifteenth-Century England',
Past & Present
, No. 170, February 2001, pp. 63–4.

35.   PTA, p. 5, I, l. 122.

36.   
Ibid.
, p. 7, VI, l. 194.

37.   John Spiers,
Medieval English Poetry, The Non-Chaucerian Tradition
(London, 1957), p. 290; Marcelle Thiébaux,
The Stag of Love
, (Ithaca and London, 1974), p. 22.

38.   PTA, p. 1, Prologue, l. 22.

39.   Ldc, 616, Ch. 73, fol. 114.

40.   
Ibid.
, Ch. 76, fol. 115v; Marcel Thomas, and François Avril,
The Hunting Book of Gaston Phébus
(London, 1998), p. 70.

41.   Manning,
Hunters and Poachers
, p. 26.

42.   H & H, p. 179.

43.   
Ibid.
, p. 136.

44.   MG, 1909, pp. 64–7.

45.   London, British Library,
The Luttrell Psalter
, Add. MS 42130, fol. 64v.

46.   Modus, Tilander: pp. 69–71; pp. 162–3.

47.   MG, 1904, p. 148.

48.   
Ibid.

49.   MG, 1909, p. 222.

50.   François Villon,
Selected Poems
, trans. Peter Dale (London, 1978; repr. 1988), ‘The Testament', stanza 110, p. 125.

51.   Ldc, 616, Ch. 81.

52.   
Ibid.
, Hare driving with bells, Ch. 82, fol. 119; Netting hares in their muses, Ch. 81, fol. 118v.

53.   Modus, Tilander, fol. 51v.

54.   Ldc, 616: making nets and snares, Ch. 25, fol. 53v; netting large game, Ch. 60, fol. 103; netting rabbits, Ch. 51, fol. 92.

55.   London, British Library, MS Egerton 1146, Calendar for April, fol. 5v.

56.   Dalby, p. xiii.

57.   
Ibid.

58.   Manning,
Hunters and Poachers
, p. 25.

59.   Modus, Tilander, fol. 53.

60.   London, British Library,
Queen Mary's Psalter
, Royal MS 2. B. VII, fol. 112.

61.   Modus, Tilander, fol. 97.

62.   J.E. Hodgson (ed.),
Percy Bailiff's Rolls of the Fifteenth Century
, Surtees Society, 134 (Durham, 1921), p. 115.

63.   
Ibid.
, p. 69; McKelvie, Colin, Snipe and Woodcock,
Sport and Conservation
(Shrewsbury, 1996), pp. 162–164

64.   Modus, Tilander, fol. 93; H & H, p. 245.

65.   London, British Library,
The Luttrell Psalter
, Add. MS 42130, fol. 63.

66.   Modus, Tilander, fol. 93v.

67.   
Ibid.
, fol. 96v.

68.   John of Salisbury,
Policraticus
, ed. Joseph B. Pike (London, 1938), p. 22.

69.   Modus, Tilander, fol. 95.

70.   New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M 945, fol. 107r.

71.   John of Salisbury,
Policraticus
, ed. Joseph B. Pike (London, 1938), p. 22.

72.   Manning,
Hunters and Poachers
, p. 76.

73.   P.R. Coss, ‘Aspects of Cultural Diffusion in Medieval England: The Early Romances, Local Society and Robin Hood',
Past & Present
, No. 108, August 1985, pp. 75–6.

74.   Rose-Marie and Rainer Hagen,
16th Century Paintings
(Cologne, 2001), p. 82.

75.   Modus, Tilander, fol. 90v.

76.   H & H, p. 244.

77.   Modus, Tilander, fol. 85.

78.   Oliver Rackham,
The History of the Countryside
(London, 1986; repr. 1993), p. 50.

79.   London, British Library, MS Egerton 1146, fol. 23v.

80.   
Ibid.
, fol. 161v.

81.   Thomas and Avril,
The Hunting Book of Gaston Phébus
, p. 65.

82.   Ldc, 616, Ch. 67, fol. 109.

83.   H & H, p. 241.

84.   Ldc, 616, Ch. 63, fol. 107.

85.   
Ibid.
, Ch. 61, fol. 105v.

86.   H & H, p. 241; Ldc, 616, Ch. 62, fol. 106v.

87.   London, British Library, MS Egerton 1146, Calendar for November, fol. 12v.

88.   London, British Library,
Queen Mary's Psalter
, Royal MS 2. B. VII, fol. 155v.

89.   Mark Bailey,
A Marginal Economy? East Anglian Breckland in the Later Middle Ages
(Cambridge, 1989), pp. 185 and 18.

90.   MG, 1904, pp. 125 and 41.

91.   Bailey,
A Marginal Economy?
, pp. 130–1.

92.   London, British Library,
The Luttrell Psalter
, Add. MS 42130, fol. 176v.

93.   Glasgow, Burrell Collection, Burgundian tapestry,
Peasants Ferreting
.

94.   Ldc, 616, Ch. 7, fol. 26v; also Thomas and Avril,
The Hunting Book of Gaston Phébus,
p. 25.

95.   Ldc, 616, Ch. 52, fol. 92; also Thomas, and Avril,
The Hunting Book of Gaston Phébus
, pp. 55–6.

96.   Christa Grössinger,
The World Upside-Down, English Misericords
(London, 1997), pp. 165 and 167.

97.   
Ibid.
, p. 166.

98.   
Ibid.
, p. 164.

99.   
Ibid.
, p. 167.

100.   
Ibid
., p. 166.

101.   Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum,
The Hunters in the Snow
.

102.   Penelope Le Fanu Hughes,
Bruegel
(Royston, 2002), p. 44.

103.   
Ibid
.

104.   
Ibid
., p. 54.

105.   Ldc, Tilander, p. 258, fol. 85v, l. 11.

106.   H & H, p. 247.

107.   W.A. Baillie-Grohman,
The Land in the Mountains
(London, 1907), p. 249.

Chapter Five

1.   P.R. Coss, ‘Aspects of Cultural Diffusion in Medieval England: The Early Romances, Local Society and Robin Hood',
Past & Present
, No. 108, August 1985, p. 75.

2.   Roger B. Manning,
Hunters and Poachers
(Oxford, 1993), p. 18.

3.   Coss, ‘Aspects of Cultural Diffusion in Medieval England', p. 75. Thanks to Professor A.J. Pollard for pointing out that this comment has a specific late fourteenth-century context.

4.   London, British Library, MS Egerton 1146: Calendar pictures for April, fol. 5v; July, fol. 8v; August, fol. 9v; December, fol. 13v.

5.   A.C. Spearing,
The Gawain Poet: A Critical Study
(Cambridge, 1970), pp. 9–10.

6.   MG, 1904, p. 69.

7.   MG, 1909, p. 176.

8.   H & H, pp. 185 and 217.

9.   Frederick II of Hohenstaufen,
The Art of Falconry
, trans. and ed. Casey A. Wood and F. Marjorie Fyfe (Stanford, 1943, repr. 1955), pp. 152–3.

10.   
Ibid.
, p. xli.

11.   
Ibid.
, p. xlii; also see H & H, p. 219.

12.   H & H, p. 217.

13.   H.W.C. Davis (ed.),
Mediaeval England
(Oxford, 1924), p. 338.

14.   Phillip Glasier,
As the Falcon her Bells
(London, 1963), p. 217; also see H & H, pp. 193 and 194.

15.   H & H, Appendix V, pp. 269–70.

16.   
Ibid.
, p. 174.

17.   MG, 1904, pp. 161–2.

18.   Pisanello, p. 83.

19.   H & H, pp. 218–19.

20.   
Ibid.
, p. 173.

21.   Pisanello, p. 163.

22.   William Twiti,
The Art of Hunting, 1327
, ed. Bror Danielsson (Stockholm, 1977), pp. 33–4.

23.   H & H, p. 185.

24.   
Ibid.
, p. 270.

25.   
Ibid
., p. 185.

26.   MG, 1904, p. 102.

27.   Gervaise, Rosser, ‘Going to the Fraternity Feast: Commensuality and Social Relations in Late Medieval England',
Journal of British Studies
, 33, 1994.

28.   A.J. Pollard, ‘Fellowship and Fraternity in the Early Stories of Robin Hood'. Seminar delivered to the Late Medieval Political Group, York Seminars, at the Centre for Medieval Studies, University of York, 3 December 2001. These ideas will be more fully set forward in Professor Pollard's forthcoming study of the Robin Hood stories, to be published by Routledge.

29.   Manning,
Hunters and Poachers
, p. 235.

30.   
Ibid.
, pp. 20–1.

31.   Scotto Sisters [text by Annie Hubert-Bare],
The Heritage of French Cooking
(London, 1991, edn 1993), p. 19.

32.   H & H, p. 218.

33.   Chantilly, Musée Condé,
Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berri
, MS 65, Calendar for August, fol. 8v.

34.   H & H, p. 172.

35.   Maurice Keen,
The Outlaws of Medieval Legend
(London, 1977), p. 166.

36.   
Ibid.
, p. 2.

37.   Manning,
Hunters and Poachers,
p. 169.

38.   Birrell, p. 85.

39.   
Ibid.
, p. 68.

40.   
Ibid
., p. 69.

41.   
Ibid
., p. 74.

42.   
Ibid
., p. 75; H & H, p. 53. In practice, a longbow arrow or crossbow bolt would rarely kill a deer or other large beast outright. Such projectiles cause massive damage and bleeding which slows and eventually brings down the quarry, which is why a steady, trained dog was essential to legitimate hunters and poachers alike.

43.   
Ibid
., pp. 71–5.

44.   
Ibid
., p. 86.

45.   
Ibid
., p. 88.

46.   
Ibid
., p. 87.

47.   Marcelle Thiébaux,
The Stag of Love
(Ithaca and London, 1974), p. 22.

48.   John Spiers,
Medieval English Poetry, The Non-Chaucerian Tradition
(London, 1957), p. 290.

49.   PTA, p. 1, Prologue, ll. 3–5.

50.   
Ibid
., p. 1, Prologue, l. 22.

51.   
Ibid
., p. 2, Prologue, ll. 40–4.

52.   
Ibid
., p. 2, Prologue, ll. 47–50.

53.   
Ibid
., p. 3, Prologue, ll. 66–89.

54.   PTA, p. 3, Prologue, l. 80.

55.   Barcelets: see Anne Rooney (ed.),
The Tretyse off Huntyng
, Scripta 19, Mediaeval and Renaissance Texts and Studies (Brussels, 1987), pp. 51–2, ll. 145–9, and p. 78. Forest records, see Birrell, p. 76.

56.   PTA, p. 4, Prologue, ll. 92–6.

57.   John Bellamy,
Crime and Public Order in England in the Later Middle Ages
(London and Toronto, 1973), p. 75.

58.   John M. Gilbert,
Hunting and Hunting Reserves in Medieval Scotland
(Edinburgh, 1979), p. 57.

59.   Birrell, p. 88.

60.   Charles Lethbridge Kingsford (ed.),
The Stonor Letters and Papers 1290–1483
, Camden Society, 3rd series, Vol. XXIX, Vol. 1 (London, 1919), p. xxx.