Medieval Hunting (29 page)

100.   
Ibid.
, Ch. 55, fol. 96v.

101.   Grant Uden,
A Dictionary of Chivalry
(Harmondsworth, 1968), p. 157.

102.   Twiti,
The Art of Hunting: 1327
, p. 23.

103.   Maurice Keen,
Chivalry
(New Haven and London, 1984), p. 249.

104.   MG, 1904, p. 118.

105.   
Ibid.
, p. 123.

106.   Paris, Musée du Louvre,
Les Chasses de Maximilien
, tapestry for December.

107.   Puma,
Messe für Jagd, Sport und Freizeit
(Solingen, 2002), p. 12.

108.   Ldc, Tilander, p. 269, fol. 20, ll. 2–4:

Aussi puet on prendre les bestes a traire aux arcs, a l'arbaleste et a l'arc de main, que on apelle angloys ou turquoys. Et, se le veneur veult aler trayre aux bestes, et il veult avoir arc de main, l'arc doit estre de yf ou de boix, et doit avoir de long, de l'une ousche, ou la corde se met, jusques á l'autre, vint poigniees.

109.   Twiti,
The Art of Hunting: 1327
text, p. 24; p. 56, fol. 40, ll. 11–12.

110.   
Ibid.
, text p. 24, plates 11 and 12; text, p. 24, plates 5 and 22.

111.   H & H, p. 41.

112.   Keen,
Chivalry
, p. 154.

113.   
Ibid.
, p. 249.

114.   H & H, p. 173.

115.   MG, 1904, p. 151.

116.   
Ibid.
, p. 143.

117.   Ann Hyland,
The Medieval Warhorse, From Byzantium to the Crusades
(London, 1994), p. 85.

118.   
Ibid.
, p. 34.

119.   
Ibid.
, pp. 86–7.

120.   Frederick II of Hohenstaufen,
The Art of Falconry
, p. 281.

121.   London, British Library,
The Luttrell Psalter
, Add. MS 42130, fols 43v, 159 and 87v.

122.   Twiti,
The Art of Hunting: 1327
, text, p. 23, plates 1, 2, 6, 7, 11.

123.   H.L. Savage, ‘Hunting in the Middle Ages',
Speculum
, Vol. 8 (1933).

124.   BSA, facsimile edn, unpaginated opp. fol. iiii (r).

125.   R.S. Summerhays,
Summerhays' Encyclopaedia for Horsemen
(London, 1962), p. 160.

126.   London, National Gallery,
The Vision of Saint Eustace
.

127.   MG, 1904, p. 143.

128.   Nigel Saul,
Knights and Esquires: The Gloucestershire Gentry in the Fourteenth Century
(Oxford, 1981), pp. 26–9.

129.   BSA, facsimile edn., fol. iiii (r).

130.   H & H, pp. 71–2.

131.   London, British Library, MS Egerton 1146, fol. 16r.

132.   John Harthan,
Books of Hours and their Owners
(London, 1977; repr. 1988), p. 95.

133.   Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Douce 62, fol. 31v.

134.   MG, 1909, p. 216.

135.   Nancy Heaton,
The Language of Hunting
(Knutsford, 1985), p. 8.

136.   Ldc, Ch. 20, fol. 50; Marcel Thomas, and François Avril,
The Hunting Book of Gaston Phébus
(London, 1998), p. 35.

137.   
Ibid.
, p. 35.

138.   MG, 1909, p. 119.

139.   
Ibid.
, pp. 120–1.

Chapter Three

1.   Julians Barnes,
Boke of Huntyng
, ed. Gunnar Tilander,
Cynegetica
, XI (Karlshamn, 1964), p. 22.

2.   
Ibid.
, p. 22 for ‘rascal'; see also MG, 1909, p. 294, ‘any lean deer; any deer under ten [tines] was usually called rascal'.
Ibid.
, p. 287, for ‘folly', meaning ‘lesser deer, not hart or buck'. For ‘vermin', see
The Tretyse off Huntyng
, p. 55, ll. 220–40, including ‘to speke & blow to all maner vermyn þat worchyth or hideth hym in gresse'.

3.   Anne Rooney (ed.),
The Tretyse off Huntyng
, Scripta 19, Mediaeval and Renaissance Texts and Studies (Brussels, 1987), p. 39.

4.   Barnes,
Boke of Huntyng
, ed. Tilander, p. 22.

5.   
Ibid.
, p. 24.

6.   Dalby, p. xv.

7.   Oliver Rackham,
The History of the Countryside
(London, 1986; repr. 1993), pp. 33–4.

8.   Pisanello, p. 80.

9.   Ldc, Tilander, p. 84, Ch. 8, l. 5; Franz
Neiderwolfsgruber
,
Kaiser Maximilians I. Jagd und Fischereibücher
, Ch. ‘Bärenjagd' (bear hunting), pp. 34–6.

10.   Dalby, p. xv.

11.   
Ibid.
, p. xvi.

12.   Kurt Lindner (ed.),
Die Lehre von den Zeichen des Hirsches
, Quellen und Studien zur Geschichter der Jagd, III (Berlin, 1956).

13.   Neuenstein, Hohenloheschen Zentral-Archivs,
Die Hohenloheschen Handschrift
, Nr. W. 5, fol. 15r.

14.   MG, 1909, p. 225.

15.   
Ibid.
, p. 226: ‘Until he was a hart of ten . . . he was not considered a chaseable or warrantable deer.' See also Dalby, p. 102, ‘jage-baere = warrantable', old enough to be chased (of a stag).

16.   MG, 1909, p. 29.

17.   
Ibid.
, pp. 224–5.

18.   Rooney (ed.),
The Tretyse off Huntyng
, pp. 16–17.

19.   MG, 1909, p. 23.

20.   
Ibid.
, p. 23. See also fn., p. 23: a springole was ‘an engine of war used for throwing stones'.

21.   Roger B. Manning,
Hunters and Poachers
(Oxford, 1993), p. 111.

22.   
Ibid.
, p. 117.

23.   Ralph Whitlock,
Historic Forests of England
(Bradford-on-Avon, 1979), p. 38.

24.   H & H, p. 61.

25.   Dalby, p. xvi.

26.   Ldc, 616, fols 11–12: Ldc, Tilander, table, pp. 48–50.

27.   Ldc, 616, fols 29–30:

C'est une orguilleuse et fiere beste et perilleuse, quar j'en ay veu aucunne foiz moult de maulz avenir et l'ay veu ferir homme, des le genoill jusques au piz tout fendre et tuer tout mort en un coup sanz parler a homme, et moy meismes a il porte a terre moult de fois, moy et mon coursier, et mort le coursier.

28.   MG, 1909, p. 264.

29.   Rackham,
History of the Countryside
(London, 1986: repr. 1993), pp. 36–7.

30.   London, British Library,
The Luttrell Psalter
, Add. MS 42130, fol. 19v.

31.   Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum,
Wild Boar
.

32.   Rooney (ed.),
The Tretyse off Huntyng
, p. 29.

33.   H & H, p. 97.

34.   William Twiti,
The Art of Hunting: 1327
, ed. Bror Danielsson (Stockholm, 1977), p. 40, fol. 37, ll. 13–15.

35.   MG, 1909, p. 221.

36.   
Ibid.
, p. 181.

37.   H & H, p. 111.

38.   Dalby, p. xviii.

39.   
Ibid.
, p. xviii.

40.   Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodley 264, fol. 81v.

41.   Madrid, Museo del Prado,
Garden of Earthly Delights
.

42.   Madrid, Museo del Prado and Madrid, Monasterio de san Lorenzo, El Escorial:
Haywain
.

43.   Christa Grössinger,
The World Upside-Down, English Misericords
(London, 1997), text, p. 85 and plate p. 66.

44.   Rackham,
History of the Countryside
, p. 34.

45.   MG, 1909, p. xxi.

46.   Ldc, Tilander, p. 83, fol. 15v, ll. 2–3; p. 85, fol. 15v, l. 5.

47.   
Ibid.
, p. 23.

48.   H & H, p. 121.

49.   Neiderwolfsgruber,
Kaiser Maximilians I. Jagd und Fischereibücher
pp. 35–6.

50.   W.A. Baillie-Grohman, ‘Ancient Weapons of the Chase',
Burlington Magazine
, 1904, Vol. IV, p. 158.

51.   Dalby, p. xvii.

52.   London, British Library, MS Egerton 1146: Calendar for October, fol. 11v; fol. 20r.

53.   H & H, pp. 136–7.

54.   Ldc, 616, Ch. 10, fol. 31v.

55.   H & H, pp. 132 and 135.

56.   
Ibid.
, p. 138.

57.   Barnes,
The Boke of Huntyng
, ed. Tilander, p. 22, l. 8.

58.   H & H, p. 136 and pp. 138–40.

59.   Dalby, p. xviii.

60.   London, British Library, MS Egerton 1146, Calendar for February, fol. 3v.

61.   H.W.C. Davis,
Mediaeval England
(Oxford, 1924), p. 339.

62.   Rackham,
History of the Countryside
, p. 35.

63.   Edmund Bogg,
Regal Richmond, and the Land of the Swale
(Leeds, 1909), pp. 234 and 233.

64.   Rackham,
History of the Countryside
, pp. 35–6.

65.   Davis,
Mediaeval England
, p. 339.

66.   Nicholas Orme,
From Childhood to Chivalry
(London, 1984), p. 194. See
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
trans. Brian Stone (Harmondsworth, 1959; repr. 1974), ll. 1133–1923, passim. Stag: pp. 48, 49, 53 and 54. Boar: pp. 56, 57, 60, 61 and 62. Fox: pp. 64, 65 and 70. Also see M.Y. Offord (ed.),
The Parlement of the Thre Ages
, Early English Text Society, No. 246 (London, 1959; repr. 1967), ll. 21–96.

67.   A.C. Spearing,
The Gawain-Poet, A Critical Study
(Cambridge, 1970), p. 9.

68.   
Ibid.
, p. 10.

69.   Dalby, p. x.

70.   Ldc, 616: Hart: Ch. 45, fol. 77; Hare: Ch. 50, fol. 89v.

71.   Modus, Tilander, pp. 67, 69 and 72; cf. Ldc, Tilander, pp. 193, 216 and 221.

72.   Dalby, p. xi.

73.   Marcelle Thiébaux,
The Stag of Love: The Chase in Medieval Literature
(Ithaca and London, 1974), pp. 28–40; Dalby, pp. x–xv.

74.   MG, 1909, pp. 209–10. Fumes and fewmets are obsolete terms for the droppings of deer, the terms being derived from the French word
fumées
. Gaston de Foix and Edward of York differ in their nomenclature for the droppings of different quarry.

75.   Twiti,
The Art of Hunting: 1327
, p. 48, fol. 38v, ll. 17–21 and 23.

76.   A similar practice is employed by matadors to despatch bulls in modern bullfighting.

77.   
Tristan
, p. 78.

78.   
Ibid.
, pp. 79–80.

79.   H & H, p. 43.

80.   Rooney (ed.),
The Tretyse off Huntyng
, p. 16.

81.   Reader's Digest,
Universal Dictionary
(London, 1987), p. 536.

82.   
Tristan
, pp. 79 and 80.

83.   Richard Almond and A.J. Pollard, ‘The Yeomanry of Robin Hood and Social Terminology in Fifteenth-Century England', P
ast & Present
, No. 171, February 2001.

84.   Ldc, 616, Ch. 40, fol. 70.

85.   Rooney (ed.),
The Tretyse off Huntyng
, p. 56, ll. 237–43.

86.   
Tristan
, p. 81.

87.   BSA, facsimile edn, fol. iiir.

88.   Rooney (ed.),
The Tretyse off Huntyng
, p. 50, ll. 106–16.

89.   
Ibid.
, p. 55, ll. 225–34.

90.   MG, 1909, p. 208.

91.   H & H, p. 44: also Dalby, p. 12 (iii) ‘feeding hounds with bread, mixed with the blood and flesh of the quarry they were to hunt'.

92.   Ldc, Tilander, pp. 181–3, fol. 54v., ll. 1–20; MG, 1909, pp. 196–7.

93.   MG, 1909, p. 209.

94.   Ldc, 616, C. 41, fol. 72; London, British Library, MS Egerton 1146, Calendar for August, fol. 9v.

95.   
Tristan,
p. 81.

96.   Dalby, pp. xiv–xv.

97.   
Tristan
, p. 11.

98.   MG, 1909, pp. 176–7.

99.   
Ibid
., pp. 175 and 197.

100.   Rooney (ed.),
The Tretyse off Huntyng
, pp. 15 and 16.

101.   MG, 1904, pp. 110–11.

102.   For a splendid fictional account of drift-hunting in the New Forest, firmly based upon sound research, see Edward Rutherfurd,
The Forest
(London, 2000), pp. 5–92.

103.   Twiti,
The Art of Hunting: 1327
, p. 48, fol. 38v, ll. 29–31.

104.   
Ibid.
, p. 50, fol. 38v, ll. 34–7.

105.   
Ibid.
, p. 51.

106.   MG, 1909, p. 197.

107.   
Ibid
., p. 263.

108.   A.R. Myers (ed.),
The Household of Edward IV
(Manchester, 1959), p. 113. Both the
Black Book
and
The Master of Game
use the word ‘yeoman' in English and the fifteenth-century hunting books use this term consistently to mean the professional hunt and Forest officials.

109.   MG, 1909, pp. 188–9 and p. 259.

110.   
Ibid.
, p. 263.

111.   
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,
trans. Brian Stone (Harmondsworth, 1959; 2nd edn, 1974), Fit III, 46, p. 64.

112.   
Ibid.
, 47, p. 65.

113.   ‘The Book of the Duchesse', in
The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer
, 2nd edn, ed. Walter W. Skeat, 7 vols (Oxford, 1894–1900), I, 287–93, II. 291–475.

114.   Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum,
The Stag Hunt of the Elector Frederick the Wise; The Stag Hunt for the Emperor Charles V at the Castle of Torgau.

115.   Pisanello, p. 83.

116.   Italy, Siena, Collezione Monte dei Paschi,
Bullfighting and Other Games in the Piazza del Campo, Siena.

117.   BSA, facsimile edn. fol. ii(r).

118.   MG, 1909, p. 210.

119.   C.J. Cornish,
Wild England of Today
(London, 1895), p. 157.

120.   MG, 1909, pp. 253–7.

121.   Dalby, p. xliii.

122.   London, British Library, MS Egerton 1146, Calendar for May, fol. 6v.

123.   Birrell, pp. 71–4.

Chapter Four

1.   H & H, p. 234.

2.   Kurt G. Blüchel
, Game and Hunting
(Cologne, 1997), p. 118.