Masters of the Planet (48 page)

personal ornamentation,
199–205

Pe
tera cu Oase (Romania),
168

Petralona skull (Greece),
135

pharynx,
211–2

phonemes,
215–6

physical disability,
36,
122–4,
171

Picasso, Pablo,
xii

“picks,”
125

Pierolapithecus,
3,
19,
236

Pinnacle Point complex,
201–3,
205–6,
253

Pithecanthropus erectus
(“upright apeman”),
4

Pithecanthropus rudolfensis,
84

plaques (Blombos),
201–2,
253

Pleistocene,
120,
147–9,
151,
160–1,
165,
168,
194,
208,
231

Pliocene epoch,
3,
14,
17,
36,
56,
78

population bottleneck,
194–5,
216,
251

population size,
56–7,
86,
97,
115,
148–9,
170,
194–5,
216,
227–32,
251

“postcanine megadonty” (big chewing teeth),
31

postcranial bones,
21,
40,
71,
91,
156

Povinelli, Daniel,
66–8,
240

“power-scavenging,”
54–5, 54–6,
116

See also
scavenging

“precision grip capability,”
5

predators/predation,
xvii-xviii,
xx,
14–8,
22,
45,
47,
52–4,
57–61,
97,
106,
108–9,
112–5,
148–9,
155,
169–71

prefrontal cortex,
137,
219,
223–4

premolars,
11,
22,
31,
71

“prepared-core” implements,
141

prey species,
xx,
47,
49,
51–3,
59,
108–9,
112–5,
170

“private speech,
220–1

“proconsuloids,”
2

prosociality,
213–4,
244

protein,
45–7,
53,
62,
95–6,
108–14,
168–71

quadruped,
7,
11,
13,
15–19,
21,
23,
58

Queensland (Australia),
110

radical change, and evolution,
xi,
xv,
94–104,
185–6

raw meat,
111

red colobus monkey,
52

Reilingen fossil (Germany),
159–60,
248

reproductive advantage,
xvii-xviii,
52–3,
58,
60,
130–2,
208

Rift Valley,
See
Great African Rift Valley

risk, assessing,
100,
227

robust australopith,
70–7,
87,
112,
241

See
“Zinjanthropus”

“Rubicon” idea,
5

running,
15–6,
23,
30,
37–8,
108–10

Russia,
84,
160,
248

“sagittal crest,”
71

Sahara,
187–8,
193,
195,
204

Sahelanthropus tchadensis,
6–8,
14,
236

St.-Césaire fossils (Neanderthal),
170

Salles, Diana,
xiii,
16,
27,
49,
139,
211

sampling error,
xix-xx

savanna,
16–7,
45,
47,
49–50,
54,
58,
60–2,
70,
73,
93,
107–17,
147

scavenging,
48–9,
54–6,
107,
116,
169–70,
239–40

Schaller, Susan,
217–18,
254

Schoeningen spears,
139–40,
158,
248

“secondarily altricial,”
99–100

Selam fossil,
36–8

sentinels,
58,
60

Serengeti,
17,
93,
147

“serial founder effect,”
216

sexual dimorphism,
18,
76

sexuality,
18,
53,
76,
100,
164

Seyfart, Robin,
65–6

Shanidar cave (Iraq),
171,
249

shoulder joints,
2,
30,
36,
39,
60,
93–4

Siberia,
160,
166,
196

sign language,
216–18

Silk Road,
120

Sima de los Huesos (“Pit of the Bones”),
154–8,
160,
173

Sima del Elefante, Spain,
151–2

Sinai Peninsula,
122,
192

Skh
l (Mugharet-es-Skh
l) (Israel),
190–3,
199–200

skulls,
3,
7,
9–11,
14,
24,
31–2,
37,
39–40,
49,
70,
74,
76–8,
83–4,
89–91,
101,
120–3,
129–30,
132,
135–8,
155–7,
162–4,
168–9,
177,
184,
185–91,
207–9,
212,
223,
227,
241,
245

See
“Black Skull”; Dmanisi skull

sleeping,
60,
172

snow leopards,
167

social behavior,
xviii,
18,
32,
48,
53,
56–61,
64–7,
99–100,
113–7,
121,
122–4,
128–9,
137,
170–1,
173,
196,
213–4,
222,
230–1,
239–40,
244

and antisocial behavior,
230–1

and bipedality,
18

and early societies,
57–61

and organization,
60

“prosociality,”
213–4,
244

and protection,
61

and setting,
113–7

and symbolic capabilities,
213–4

South Africa,
20,
49,
70–4,
76–7,
83,
112,
115,
203–4,
240–1,
247

Spain,
xii-xiii,
151–7,
172–6,
180–4,
247,
249

spears,
xxii,
50–1,
139–40,
158,
176,
187,
240,
248

See
Lehringen spear; Schoeningen spears

specialization,
21,
24,
40,
48,
59,
117,
128,
171

speech,
102–3,
209,
211–2,
220–3

spinal cord,
7,
103

“spindle” neurons,
222

spine,
7,
12,
37,
97

Spy cave (Belgium),
171,
249

Steffey, Jennifer,
10,
12,
23,
123,
150,
233

Steinheim fossil (Germany),
159–60

“stem” species,
69

Sterkfontein site (South Africa),
70–2

sticklebacks,
97,
242

stomachs,
46,
107–8,
110–1

stone knapping,
142,
172,
174

stone tools,
xxi,
4,
38–9,
41–4,
49–50,
53,
55–6,
62,
67–8,
73–4,
77,
83–4,
90,
103,
111,
116,
120,
121,
124–8,
137–8,
140,
142,
152,
157,
169,
172,
174,
177,
186,
190,
192,
202,
205,
224,
238–9,
245

strokes,
219

sub-Saharan Africa,
166,
192,
204

subjectivity,
61–8

See
language; mindset; symbolism

“suprainiac fossa,”
156

Sussman, Bob,
57–9

Swartkrans,
49,
73,
112,
241,
244

sweating,
109–10

“Swiss Army Knife of the Paleolithic,”
125–6

“switch” genes,
96,
xviii-xix

“symbolic” gene,
209–11,
223–4

symbolism,
xiv,
xxii,
63–4,
66,
103,
113,
127,
142–3,
153,
157–8,
164,
172,
175,
177,
179–84,
185,
195,
199–206,
207–25,
227,
232,
247,
251,
254

“awakening” of,
213–6

development of,
207–25

and FOXP2 gene,
209–10,
254

and intentionality,
213–4

origins of,
199–206

See
Blombos people; Pinnacle Point

and sociality,
213–4

“symbolic” gene,
209–11,
223–4

and “theory of mind,”
213–4

transition to,
216–21

See
cave art; cognition; language

Tanzania,
33,
35,
42,
74–5,
83,
128

Taylor, Jill Bolte,
219

technology,
xi,
42–3,
50–1,
56,
62,
103–4,
105,
110,
113,
117,
119,
121,
124,
127–8,
138,
140–2,
149,
152,
177,
179,
181,
186–7,
192–3,
202,
206,
215,
224,
232,
239