Masters of the Planet (45 page)

antelopes,
47–8,
72

“Anthropocene,”
229–30

Arago (cave) (France),
135

archaeologists, xi-xii,
51,
103,
112,
119,
125,
137–8,
158,
160,
168–70,
194,
196,
204,
209,
214–5,
219,
224,
238

Arctic Circle,
160,
196,
252

Arctic ice cap,
146–51

Ardipithecus
(“Ardi”),
8–14,
21,
22,
29–30,
39,
41,
236

Ardipithecus kadabba,
9,
11,
39,
236

Ardipithecus ramidus,
8–10,
22,
236

Asia,
2,
90,
120,
121,
132,
151,
160,
166,
196–7

ASL,
See
American Sign Language

Atapuerca site (Spain),
151–8

Aterian site (Algeria),
187–9,
192–3,
195,
200,
251,
253

Atkinson, Quentin,
215–6,
254

Aurignacian,
182

Australia,
xxii,
110,
196,
205

Australopithecus
(“southern ape”),
xxi,
20–4,
26–33,
35–41,
49,
59,
67–8,
69–79,
82–3,
87,
89,
93–4,
110,
112,
114,
133,
236,
238,
241

climbing abilities,
49

culture of,
114

and diet,
72–3,
76–7

and East Africa,
74–9

gracile,
70–7,
82–3,
163

omnivory of,
76

robust,
70–7,
87,
112,
241

as “stem” species,
69

variety of,
69–79

Australopithecus afarensis,
24,
26–33,
35–41,
59,
67–8,
69–70,
72–5,
78,
83,
89,
93–4,
110,
133,
236,
238,
241

See
“Lucy”

Australopithecus africanus,
70–2,
75

Australopithecus anamensis,
20–4

Australopithecus garhi,
40–1

Australopithecus ramidus,
23,
236

Australopithecus sediba,
71,
78,
241

Awash River,
8–9,
26,
35

baboons,
58,
65,
167–8

baseball,
53–4

See
throwing

beads,
199–201,
204–5,
246

Bed II cranium (Olduvai Gorge),
130

bell curve,
228,
231

Berekhat Ram,
142,
246

Biache-St-Vaast fossil (France),
159–60,
248

“bipedal apes” (hominids),
13–19,
20–4,
25–44,
46,
49

See
Dikika; Laetoli; Lucy; Woranso-Mille

bipedality,
6–9,
15–24,
25–44,
46,
49,
53–62,
68,
72,
77,
82–3,
85,
89–93,
100,
104,
106,
109,
111,
116–7,
127,
133,
224–5,
236,
238

and footprints,
33–4

full-time,
89–93

and hominids,
See
“bipedal apes”

part-time,
8

reasons for,
19

rise of the,
25–44

specialized behaviors of,
53–7

Bir el Ater (Algeria),
187

“Black Skull” (KNM-WT 17000),
76–7,
241

bladders,
110

“bladelets,”
201–2

“blades,
xxii,
141,
182,
246

Blombos people,
200–6,
253

Bodo skull (Ethiopia),
135–8

body temperature,
16–17

bonobos,
2,
6,
30,
33–4,
43,
50,
65

Bouri fossils,
40–4,
68,
238

brain size,
4–5,
9,
31,
46–7,
60–1,
70,
77–8,
91,
98–104,
106–9,
121,
129–33,
136–7,
145–6,
155,
159–60,
167,
180,
183–4,
190,
207–9,
242,
245

and children,
98–100

and Dmanisi,
121

and energy,
106–9

enlargement of,
129–33

and maturation,
100–1

of Neanderthals,
155,
159–60,
167,
183–4

throughout time,
131

and Turkana Boy,
98–104

brains, human,
See
cognition; language; symbolism

breastfeeding,
115,
174

breathing,
103,
242

Broca, Paul,
102

Broca's area,
102,
137,
209,
223,
242

Buia cranium (Ethiopia),
130,
245

burial,
174–5,
179,
190–1,
203

Burnett, James (Lord Monboddo),
ix

bushbaby,
51

butchery,
xi,
38–9,
42,
44,
53–6,
68,
107,
116,
128,
139–40,
152–3,
169–70,
172,
174

C3 pathway,
47–8

cane rats,
72

canine teeth,
5–11,
31,
49,
58,
106

cannibalism,
138,
152–4,
172–3,
203,
247

carbon isotopes,
47–8,
169

carnivores,
38,
45–7,
49,
54–5,
59,
61,
108,
111,
113,
116,
123,
156,
169

“carrying angle,”
21,
23,
26–7,
30,
36

cave art (Ice Age),
xi-xv,
179–81,
205

“cave men,”
181

cerebral cortex,
101–2,
137,
219,
222–3

Chad,
20

chance,
See
genetic drift

“Châtelperronian,”
182–3,
251

Chauvet (France),
xii,
180–1

Cheney, Dorothy,
65–6

Chesowanja, Kenya,
112,
244

childbirth,
98–9,
113,
115,
164

children,
98–100

chimpanzees,
ix-x,
2,
4,
6–7,
9–13,
16–18,
33,
47–59,
62,
64–70,
73,
96,
111,
113–4,
123–4,
142,
165,
194,
219

and early hominids,
47–59

and savagery,
56–7

shared ancestry with humans,
ix-x

and sociality,
113–4

and spears,
50–1

China,
135–6,
196,
252

choking,
212

Clarke, Ron,
71–2

“cleavers,”
125

“click” languages,
216

climate change,
227

climatic change,
3,
121–3,
146,
155

See
Ice Age

climbing,
3,
8,
10,
13–4,
19,
23,
28,
30,
36,
49, 49,
61,
106

coding genes,
95–7

cognition,
x-xv,
xx,
xxii,
43,
49–50,
55–6,
61–8,
100,
109,
111,
114,
124–7,
130,
133,
137,
141–3,
164,
175,
180,
184–6,
193,
199,
202,
204–6,
208–10,
213–5,
218–25,
229,
232,
240

and the brain,
221–5

and early hominids,
ix-xv,
61–8

and handaxes,
125–6

and intentionality,
213–4

and intuition,
66,
220–1

See
language; subjectivity; symbolism

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (Long Island),
87,
242

Collard, Mark,
88–9

comparative linguistics,
215

compassion,
123–4

See
empathy

competition,
xviii,
48,
78,
128–9,
132,
155,
173,
198,
212–3,
228

continental crust erosion,
230

Congo,
202–4

Contrebandiers Cave (Morocco),
188

cooking,
46,
111–3,
170–1,
239

See
fire

copulation,
18,
53,
76,
168,
240

cranium,
3,
7,
11,
14,
31–2,
40,
70,
74,
76–8,
83,
91,
120–1,
123,
129–30,
135–6,
155–6,
162–4,
169,
177,
185–91,
208–9,
212,
223,
238,
248–9

Cranium V,
191

creativity,
xi-xv,
128,
141,
205–6,
220,
229,
232

See
cave art; symbolism

Cro-Magnons,
179–84,
202–3,
205–6

Cueva Mayor cave,
154

“cultural” transmission,
50

“culture,”
100

cutting flakes,
38,
56

Daka cranium (Ethiopia),
130

Dali skull (China),
135

Dar-es-Soltan II (Morocco),
188,
192

Dart, Raymond,
57

Darwin, Charles,
xvii,
15,
18,
64,
81,
94–5

de Lumley, Henry,
139

deafness,
216–8,
220–1

“debitage,”
56

Denisova cave (Siberia),
166,
248–9

dental enamel,
2–4,
7–9,
22,
155,
173

See
teeth

Diepkloof,
203–5,
253

diet,
4–5,
8,
32,
38,
45–55,
58–9,
61–2,
72–3,
76–7,
106–16,
122,
138,
140,
152–6,
168–73,
201,
203,
242,
247,
249

and
Australopithecus,
72–3,
76–7

and early hominids,
45–9

and food preparation,
See
butchery; cooking; fire and food acquisition,
See
hunting; scavenging

generalist style of,
72–3

and gut reduction,
107–8,
111

and
Homo ergaster,
106–13

and protein,
45–7,
53,
62,
95–6,
108–14,
168–71

See
cannibalism; carnivores; herbivores; omnivores; vegetarianism

digestion,
45–9,
111–3

Dikika,
35–9,
41–4,
67–8,
84,
238

diversity,
ix-xi,
xvi,
xx,
xxi,
5,
14,
69–73,
83–8,
131,
165,
173,
189,
193–5,
216

Dmanisi skull (D3444/D3900),
119–24,
151,
245

DNA,
6,
8,
11–2,
95–7,
109–10,
161–2,
164–6,
168,
173,
181,
185,
192–6,
207

See
mitochondrial DNA

Dobzhansky, Theodosius,
87,
242

Dubois, Eugene,
4,
6,
84,
89,
242

East Africa,
74–9