Marriage, a History (66 page)

19
Leon Battista Alberti,
The Family in Renaissance Florence
tr. Renee Watkins (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1969), p. 98; Von Eyb, quoted in Ozment,
When Fathers Ruled,
p. 7. See also Joan Kelly, “Early Feminist Theory and the
Querelle des Femmes,
1400-1789,”
Signs
8 (1982).

20
Unless otherwise noted, my discussion of the Reformation is drawn from Ozment,
When Fathers Ruled;
Joel Harrington,
Reordering Marriage and Society in Reformation Germany
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Eric Carlson,
Marriage and the English Reformation
(Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Publishers, 1994); Kathleen Davis, “Continuity and Change in Literary Advice on Marriage,” in Outhwaite,
Marriage and Society;
William and Marilyn Haller, “The Puritan Art of Love,”
Huntington Library Quarterly
5 (1941-42); Christopher Hill,
Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997); Wunder,
“He Is the Sun”;
Flandrin,
Families in Former Times;
Lyndal Roper,
The Holy Household: Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg
(Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press, 1989); Thomas Robisheaux,
Rural Society and the Search for Order in Early Modern Germany
(Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1989); Merry Wiesner,
Working Women in Renaissance Germany
(New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1986); James Farr,
Authority and Sexuality in Early Modern Burgundy
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Sherrin Marshall, ed.,
Women in Reformation and Counter-Reformation Europe: Public and Private Worlds
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989); Hufton,
The Prospect Before Her;
Susan Karnet-Nunn, “The Reformation of Women,” in Bridenthal, Stuard, and Wiesner,
Becoming Visible
(see chap. 3, n. 39).

21
Luther quoted in Ozment,
When Fathers Ruled,
pp. 3; other quotes from Wunder,
“He Is the Sun,”
pp. 45, 50.

22
Yalom,
A History of the Wife
(see chap. 1, n. 16).

23
For more details on Henry’s various wives and mistresses, see Karen Lindsey,
Divorced, Beheaded, Survived: A Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII
(Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1995).

24
Rosemary O’Day,
The Family and Family Relationships, 1500-1900: England, France and the United States of America
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), p. 43.

25
Quoted in Ozment,
Ancestors,
p. 35.

26
Flandrin,
Families in Former Times;
André Burguière, “The Formation of the Couple,”
Journal of Family History
12 (1987).

27
Eales,
Women in Early Modern England,
p. 64.

28
Ozment,
When Fathers Ruled,
pp. 50-55; Kathleen Davies, “Continuity and Change in Literary Advice on Marriage,” in Outhwaite,
Marriage and Society,
pp. 76-77.

29
Cressy,
Birth, Marriage, and Death,
p. 376.

30
Wally Seccombe estimates that 85 percent of the population growth in Europe between 1500 and 1800 took place among people who made all or a good part of their livings from wages.
Millennium,
p. 166. For other sources on this and the following paragraphs on economic change, see: David Levine,
Family Formation in an Age of Nascent Capitalism
(New York: Academic Press 1977); Peter Kriedte, Hans Medick, and Jurgen Schlumbohm,
Industrialization Before Industrialization: Rural Industry in the Genesis of Capitalism
(Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Franklin F. Mendels, “Proto-industrialization: The First Phase of the Industrialization Process,”
Journal of Economic History
32 (1972); Hans Medick, “The Proto-industrial Family Economy,”
Social History
3 (1976); Rudolph Braun, “Early Industrialization and Demographic Change in the Canton of Zurich,” in Charles Tilly, ed.,
Historical Studies of Changing Fertility
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978); Myron Gutmann and Rene Leboutte, “Rethinking Protoindustrialization and Family,”
Journal of Interdisciplinary History
14 (1971); Michael Mitterauer, “Peasant and Non-Peasant Family Forms in Relation to the Physical Environment and the Local Economy,”
Journal of Family History
17 (1992); Ulrich Pfister, “The Protoindustrial Household Economy: Toward a Formal Analysis,”
Journal of Family History
17 (1992).

31
Wiesner,
Working Women,
pp. 6, 192; Karant-Nunn, “Reformation of Women,” p. 196; Wiesner, “Spinning Out Capital,” p. 210; Henry Kamen,
European Society, 1500-1700
(London: Hutchinson, 1984), p. 167; Ingram,
Church Courts,
p. 131.

32
Ozment,
When Fathers Ruled,
pp. 30-39; Burguière, “Formation of the Couple,” p. 44.

33
Pavla Miller,
Transformations of Patriarchy in the West, 1500-1900
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998); Trevor Dean and K. J. P. Lowe, “Introduction,” in Dean and Lowe, eds.,
Marriage in Italy, 1300-1650
(Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1998).

34
For the examples in this and the following paragraph, see Sarah Hanley, “Engendering the State: Family Formation and State Building in Early Modern France,”
French Historical Studies
16 (1989). See also Julie Hardwick,
The Practice of Patriarchy: Gender and the Politics of Household Authority in Early Modern France
(Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998).

35
For this and the following two paragraphs, see Ozment,
When Fathers Ruled;
Hanley, “Engendering the State”; André Burguière and François Lebrun, “Priest, Prince, and Family,” in Burguière et al.,
The Impact of Modernity,
p. 130; R. M. Smith, “Marriage Processes in the English Past,” in Lloyd Bonfield, Richard Smith, and Keith Wrightson,
The World We Have Gained: Histories of Population and Social Structure
(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), p. 72.

36
Schama,
Embarrassment of Riches.

37
Carole Shammas,
A History of Household Government in America
(Charlotteville: University of Virginia Press, 2002), p. 98. Shammas says that “exclusion of one-fifth of the population from any kind of marital legislation” suggests that the marriage system was not “parent-run” (p. 106). But the inclusion of four-fifths and the pattern of children marrying in birth order do not indicate anything even close to a system of purely individual choice.

38
For cases where young people who defied their parents were left in the lurch, see Cressy,
Birth, Marriage, and Death.

39
Ibid., pp. 242-43.

40
Quoted in Ozment,
When Fathers Ruled,
pp. 73-74.

41
Hufton,
Prospect Before Her.

42
Claire Tomalin,
Samuel Pepys: The Unequalled Self
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002), p. 201; Margaret Hunt,
The Middling Sort: Commerce, Gender, and the Family in England, 1680-1780
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), p. 152; Martha Sexton,
Being Good: Woman’s Moral Values in Early America
(New York: Hill and Wang, 2003), p. 136.

43
O’Day,
Family and Family Relationships.

44
Cressy,
Birth, Marriage, and Death,
pp. 249-50. The son held a grudge longer than most young men who recorded their initial disappointments in their letters and diaries. He refused other “great matches” and finally took a bride in Ireland without consulting his parents. In this he was comparatively atypical.

45
Barbara Harris, “Marriage Sixteenth-Century Style,”
Journal of Social History
15 (1982).

46
Miriam Slater,
Family Life in the Seventeenth Century: The Verneys of Claydon House
(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984), p. 72.

47
Alberti,
The Family,
p. 210.

48
Ingram,
Church Courts,
p. 144 (emphasis added); Kathleen Davies, “Continuity and Change in Literary Advice on Marriage,” in Outhwaite,
Marriage and Society;
Saxton,
Being Good,
p. 52; Margaret Ezell,
The Patriarch’s Wife
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), p. 2.

49
Wunder,
“He Is the Sun,”;
Anthony Fletcher,
Gender, Sex and Subordination in England, 1500-1800
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), pp. 198-201; David Underdown, “The Taming of the Scold,” in Anthony Fletcher and John Stevenson, eds.,
Order and Disorder in Early Modern England
(Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Jeffrey Watt, “The Impact of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation,” in David Kertzer and Marzio Barbagli, eds.,
The History of the European Family, Vol. 1: Family Life in Early Modern Times
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001).

50
Ann Little, “ ‘Shee Would Bump his Mouldy Britch’: Authority, Masculinity, and the Harried Husbands of New Haven Colony,” in Michael Bellesiles, ed.,
Lethal Imagination: Violence and Brutality in American History
(New York: New York University Press, 1999).

51
The Book of Common Prayer,
1559,
http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/1559/Marriage_1559.htm
.

1
Watt,
The Making of Marriage
(see chap. 8, n. 6). For more on the Enlightenment, see Susan Bell and Karen Offen, eds.,
Women, the Family, and Freedom: The Debate in Documents,
vol. 1,
1750-1880
(Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1983); Dena Goddman,
The Republic of Letters
:
A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994); Thomas Munck,
The Enlightenment: A Comparative Social History, 1721-1794
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).

2
Michael Grossberg,
Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985).

3
Amanda Vickery,
The Gentleman’s Daughter: Women’s Lives in Georgian England
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998); Susan Staves, “British Seduced Maidens,”
Eighteenth-Century Studies
14 (1980); French bourgeoisie, quote from Marion Kaplan, “Introduction,” in Kaplan, ed.,
The Marriage Bargain
(see chap. 7, n. 16); Gillis,
For Better, for Worse
(see chap. 7, n. 13).

4
Amy Erickson,
Women and Property in Early Modern England
(London: Routledge, 1993); Bridget Hill,
Women Alone: Spinsters in England, 1660-1850
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001); Marlene LeGates, “The Cult of Womanhood in Eighteenth-Century Thought,”
Eighteenth-Century Studies
10 (1976). See also Leonore Davidoff,
Worlds Between: Historical Perspectives on Gender and Class
(New York: Routledge, 1995).

5
Gottlieb,
The Family in the Western World
(see chap. 7, n. 8); Roderick Phillips,
Untying the Knot: A Short History of Divorce
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

6
Lisa Wilson,
Ye Heart of a Man: The Domestic Life of Men in Colonial New England
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999); Daniel Scott Smith, “Parental Control and Marriage Patterns: An Analysis of Historical Trends in Higham, Massachusetts,”
Journal of Marriage and the Family
35 (1973); Joan Gundersen,
To Be Useful to the World: Women in Revolutionary America, 1740-1790
(New York: Twayne Publishers, 1996).

7
Natalia Pushkareva,
Women in Russian History from the Tenth to the Twentieth Century
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe. 1997), pp. 121-86.

8
For this and the next paragraph, see Watt,
The Making of Marriage.

9
Ian Watt,
The Rise of the Novel
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957).

10
Fletcher,
Gender, Sex and Subordination,
pp. 202-03 (see chap. 8, n. 49).

11
William Hubbard, “The Happiness of a People,” election sermon, May 3, 1676 (Boston: no publisher listed, 1702).

12
Quoted in Sara Mendelson and Patricia Crawford,
Women in Early Modern England, 1550-1720
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 444.

13
Jean Jacques Rousseau,
Everyman’s Library: Essays & Belles-Lettres
(New York: E. P. Dutton, 1957), pp. 322, 333; J. G. Fichte,
The Science of Rights,
excerpted in Julia O’Faolain and Lauro Martines, eds.,
Not in God’s Image: Women in History
(New York: Harper & Row, 1973), p. 288.

14
Asa Briggs,
Social History of England
(New York: Viking, 1984), p. 199.

15
Thomas Laquer,
Solitary Sex: A Cultural History of Masturbation
(New York: Zone Books, 2003).

16
Anthony Giddens,
The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love, and Eroticism in Modern Societies
(Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1992), p. 46.

17
Roderick Phillips,
Putting Asunder: A History of Divorce in Western Society
(Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Nancy Cott, “Eighteenth-Century Family and Social Life Revealed in Massachusetts Divorce Records,”
Journal of Social History
10 (1976).

18
L. H. Butterfield, ed.,
Adams Family Correspondence
(Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard, 1963), vol. 1, p. 370.