Marcus Agrippa: Right-hand Man of Caesar Augustus (80 page)

57
. See Roddaz (1984), pp. 445–449.

58
.
IG
12.6, 7;
IG
5.1, 374 =
SEG
XVIII 156;
PH
104; I. Smyrna 331. Lagina:
SEG
XLVII 1585, 1586. For the issues raised by the suggestion of a cult of Agrippa, see Pleket (1958), pp. 11–17. Reinhard (1933), p. 133 n. 41, dismisses inscriptions bearing the words
ευεργέτης
,
κτίστης
or
σωτήρ
as evidence of divine honours and for a cult of Agrippa in the East as ‘hardly deserves serious consideration’, yet recent studies point to the opposite conclusion, such as Kalfoglou-Kaloteraki (2003).

59
.
BMCRE
I 122, Cohen 17; Komnick K50.0;
RIC
I 817. The coins were minted over many years. Numismatists and historians have long debated whether the coin was first minted under Augustus, Tiberius or Caligula. The evidence is inconclusive with pros and cons for each candidate. The 25th anniversary of Agrippa’s death would be 13 CE. Reinhard (1933), p. 132 n. 39 and p. 136, argues the coins were minted on the 75th anniversary of Agrippa’s birthday, which would put the first issues in 11–12 CE (i.e. under Augustus), though by the same argument it could have equally well marked the centenary, 36–37 CE (i.e. under Tiberius).

60
. E.g. Suet.,
Tib
. 21.3–6; Tac.,
Ann
. 6.51.

61
. Suet.,
Tib
. 21.4, 27, 28, 30, 46.

62
. Suet.,
Tib
. 7.2. Nero Claudius Drusus: he is generally known as Drusus Minor or Drusus the Younger or Drusus II.

63
. Suet.,
Tib
. 7.2–3: ‘
quanquam bene conuenientem rursusque grauidam dimittere ac Iuliam Augusti filiam confestim coactus est ducere non sine magno angore animi, cum et Agrippinae consuetudine teneretur et Iuliae mores improbaret, ut quam sensisset sui quoque sub priore marito appetentem, quod sane etiam uulgo existimabatur. Sed Agrippinam et abegisse post diuortium doluit et semel omnino ex occursu uisam adeo contentis et
[
t
]
umentibus oculis prosecutus est, ut custoditum sit ne umquam in conspectum ei posthac ueniret
.’

64
. Perhaps 26 June.

65
. Dio 54.29.5.

66
. Suet.,
Tib
. 7.3.

67
. Suet.,
Tib
. 7.3.

68
. Suet.,
Tib
. 7.2–3.

69
. Tac.,
Ann
. 1.12.

70
. C. Asinius Pollio, consul in 23 CE; M. Asinius Agrippa, consul in 25 CE; Cn. Asinius Saloninus – Tac.,
Ann
. 3.75; Ser. Asinius Celer, suffect consul in 38 CE; L. Asinius Gallus, consul in 62 CE.

71
. Tac.,
Ann
. 3.19.3: ‘
paucosque post dies Vipsania mater eius excessit, una omnium Agrippae liberorum miti obitu: nam ceteros manifestum ferro vel creditum est veneno aut fame extinctos
.’

72
. Dio 55 Index.

73
. Holliday (1990), p. 544.

74
. Staccioli (1986), pp. 347–8.

75
. Staccioli (1986), p. 348.

76
. One interpretation of the event depicted in the frieze is that it represents the
suovetaurilia
Augustus ordered to be offered annually at the site, on the anniversary of the day the Senate commissioned the altar, marking his return (
reditus
) from his extended stay in the Tres Galliae and Hispaniae in 13 BCE. However, an equally plausible explanation is that the frieze shows theactual consecration ceremony for the altar (
dedicatio
) in 9 BCE.

77
. See Ryberg (1949), pp. 85–88 argues convincingly that the
velatus
figure is M. Agrippa; see also Stern (2006), pp. 177–181, who advances that the sculpture helped to build-up Agrippa’s stature, for as a
novus homo
he lacked the
dignitas
to lead others in the absence of Augustus; also Toynbee (1961), p. 155.

78
. Kleiner (1978), p. 758.

79
. Holliday (1990), pp. 542–557; Fraschetti (1980), pp. 957–976.

80
. See Rose (1990), pp. 458.

81
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 48.1. One was the German prince Arminius.

82
. See Rose (1990), pp. 464–465.

83
. See Holliday (1990), pp. 542–557.

84
. See Fullerton (1985), pp. 473–483.

85
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 7.8.

86
. In the letter quoted by Aulus Gellius (
Noct. Att
. 15.7.3), dated 23 September 1 CE, his sixty-third birthday, Augustus addresses his son as
mi Gai, meus asellus iucundissimus, quem semper medius fidius desidero, cum a me abes
, ‘my Caius, my darling little donkey, whom the Heavens know I miss when you are away.’

87
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 64.3.

88
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 29.4; 43.5.

89
. Dio 55.10.19. Coins:
aureus
:
RIC
209 (R3); C 42; Calicó 177;
denarius
:
BMCRE
540; C 43;
RIC
II, 210.

90
. Dio 55.9.3–4.

91
. Dio 55.9.9; Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 26.2; Tac.,
Ann
. 1.3.

92
. Dio 55.9.10.

93
. Dio 55.9.1–2.

94
. Dio 55.10.17.

95
. Dio 55.10a.9. See Rowe (2002), p. 17, citing Kornemann (1930), who notes the development of parallel careers, and assigning different theatres to pairs of his sons and stepsons was a characteristic of establishing Augustus’ dynastic intentions.

96
. Dio 55.10.18; Florus 2.32.

97
. Suet.,
Tib
. 10. 1: ‘
Quidam existimant, adultis iam Augusti liberis, loco et quasi possessione usurpati a se diu secundi gradus sponte cessisse exemplo M. Agrippae, qui M. Marcello ad munera publica admoto Mytilenas abierit, ne aut obstare aut obtrectare praesens uideretur
’; 11.1; 12.1.

98
. Dio 55.10.18.

99
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 54.1;
Tib
. 12.2.

100
. Dio 55.10.18; note also 53.13.2. She is also known by the name Livia.

101
. Suet.,
Tib
. 12.2: ‘
Comes et rector
.’

102
. Vell. Pat. 2.97.1; Hor.,
Carm
. 4.9.37f.

103
. Dio 55.10.20–1; Florus 2.32.

104
. Dio 55.10a.4–6.

105
.
Denarius BMCRE
500; C 40;
RIC
II, 199.

106
. Dio 55.10a.9.

107
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 9.118.

108
. Dio 55.10a.5.

109
. Dio 55.10a.6–8.

110
. Dio 55.10.19.

111
. Dio 55.10a.6.

112
. Dio 55.10a.7; Vell. Pat. 2.102.2.

113
. Florus 2.32. The Parthian attacker committed suicide when surrounded by many angry Roman soldiers.

114
. Dio 55.10a.8; Vell. Pat. 2.102.3.

115
. Dio 55.10a.8.

116
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 65.1; Dio 55.10a.9.
ILS
140.

117
.
CIL
XI.1421;
ILS
140. Gordon (1983), p. 106, no. 31.

118
. Vell. Pat. 2.102.3. An inscription was erected in the Portico that bore his and his brother’s names in the
Forum Romanum
, next to an arch that straddled a newly-constructed spur of the
Via Sacra
: Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 29.4; Dio 56.27.5; Gordon (1983), p. 105, no. 30. A marble inscription found in Kempten is dedicated to L. Caesar; see Wamser et al. (2004), p. 15 (fig. 12).

119
. Tac.,
Ann
. 1.3, Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 65.1; Dio 55.10a.9–10.

120
. Dio 55.12.1. For the honours voted to Caius, see
ILS
140; for those voted to Lucius, see
ILS
139, from the Roman
colonia
at Pisa. The honours to Lucius were passed in response to a decree of the Senate, in the form of a letter to Augustus asking him about proper honours for his son. The
honours were not of equal weight, however. David S. Potter, Arthur F. Thurnau Professor of Greek and Latin, Department of Classical Studies, University of Michigan, notes, ‘the vastly more elaborate celebration of Caius probably reflects the final decree of the Senate in Lucius’ case, and a number of honors that were only granted at Rome. Assuming that the Senate will suggest similar measures in honor of Caius, the Pisans are adopting those provisions for their own city, and to do for Caius at their city what the Senate would do at Rome’. Further, he writes, ‘the funeral honors for Lucius and his brother Caius are of great importance because they illustrate the development of the concept of the imperial house defined in terms of relationship to Augustus’.

121
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 55.2; Suet., Tib. 23; Vell. Pat. 2.103.2–3.

122
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 55.1. Tiberius’ son by his marriage to Vipsania Agrippina, named Nero Claudius Drusus, now became, in turn, Drusus Iulius Caesar (Drusus the Younger).

123
. Suet.,
Tib
. 21.3: ‘
Rei publicae causa
’; Vell. Pat. 2.104.1. On Tiberius’ adoption, see Kornemann (1960), pp. 37–38; Levick (1976), pp. 49–50; Seager (1972), pp. 35–38.

124
. Vell. Pat. 2.103.3. Tiberius expressed his reluctance, publicly, to re-assuming the power, but he relented and accepted it for the good of the state.

125
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 55.1;
Tib
. 15.2; Tac.,
Ann
. 1.3; 4.57.

126
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 55.2. See Jameson (1975), Levick (1972b), and Pappano (1941).

127
. Tac.,
Ann
. 1.3: ‘
Agrippam Postumum, … rudem sane bonarum artium et robore corporis stolide ferocem, nullius tamen flagitii conpertum
.’

128
. See Levick (1976), p. 48.

129
. See Levick (1976), pp. 48–49.

130
. Vell. Pat. 2.103.3. A diagnosis of schizophrenia has been made in modern times – see Levick (1976), p. 58 n. 43.

131
. Dio 55.31.1. Powell (2013), pp. 41–53.

132
. See Levick (1976), p. 58.

133
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 65.1: ‘
ex quibus Agrippam brevi ob ingenium sordidum ac ferox abdicavit seposuitque Surrentum
,’ 65.4: ‘
Agrippam nihilo tractabiliorem, immo in dies amentiorem, in insulam transportavit saepsitque insuper custodia militum
,’ Tac.,
Ann
. 1.3. See Jameson (1975), Levick (1972b), and Pappano (1941).

134
. Dio 56.30.5: ‘
καὶ ὁ μὲν οὕτω τῇ ἐννεακαιδεκάτῃ τοῦ Αὐγούστου, ἐν ᾗ ποτε τὸ πρῶτον ὑπάτευσε, μετήλλαξε, ζήσας μὲν πέντε καὶ ἑβδομήκοντα ἔτη καὶ μῆνας δέκα καὶ ἡμέρας ἓξ καὶ εἴκοσι ῾τῇ γὰρ τρίτῃ καὶ εἰκοστῇ τοῦ Σεπτεμβρίου ἐγεγέννητὀ, μοναρχήσας δέ, ἀφ᾽ οὗ πρὸς τῷ Ἀκτίῳ ἐνίκησε, τέσσαρα καὶ τεσσαράκοντα ἔτη, δεκατριῶν ἡμερῶν δέοντα
.’

135
. Dio 54.28.5, 56.34.

136
. Suet.,
Tib
. 22–24; Dio 56.35–41.

137
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 65.4.

138
. Suet.,
Tib
. 22.1.

139
. Tac.,
Ann
. 1.5. See Allen (1947), who argues that Postumus may have died a natural death.

140
. Suet.,
Tib
. 25. See Detweiler (1970), pp. 289–295.

141
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 65.3. See Fantham (2006), pp. 86–91.

142
. Suet.,
Tib
. 11.4, 50.1. See Cohen (2008), pp. 206–217, and Drogula (2011), pp. 230–266.

143
. Dio 57.18.1; Tac.,
Ann
. 1.53.

144
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 101.3.

145
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 64.1.

146
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 65.4.

147
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 64.2.

148
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 64.1.

149
. See Powell (2013), pp. 150–162.

150
. See Powell (2013), pp. 153–156 and 166–170.

151
. Tac.,
Ann
. 3.4: ‘
cum decus patriae, solum Augusti sanguinem, unicum antiquitatis specimen appellarent versique ad caelum ac deos integram illi subolem ac superstitem iniquorum precarentur
.’

152
. Tac.,
Ann
. 4.4, 4.8.

153
. Suet.,
Tib
. 54.1;
Calig
. 7.

154
. Suet.,
Tib
. 54.1;
Calig
. 7.

155
. Tac.,
Ann
. 4.67.

156
. Suet.,
Tib
. 53.2; Tac.,
Ann
. 6.25.

157
. Suet.,
Calig
. 8.

158
. Suet.,
Ner
. 6.1.

159
. Suet.,
Calig
. 24.1.

160
. Suet.,
Tib
. 73.1.

161
. Suet.,
Calig
. 10.1;
Tib
. 43.

162
. Suet.,
Calig
. 23.1: ‘
Agrippae se nepotem neque credi neque dici ob ignobilitatem eius uolebat suscensebatque, si qui uel oratione uel carmine imaginibus eum Caesarum insererent
.’