Mao's Great Famine (60 page)
Read Mao's Great Famine Online
Authors: Frank Dikötter
| 4 | Hunan, 11 May 1959, 141-1-1066, pp. 80–3. |
| 5 | Hunan, Sept. 1959, 141-1-1117, pp. 1–4; 18 Sept. 1959, 141-1-1066, pp. 5–13. |
| 6 | As he later admitted; see minutes of the Lushan meeting, Gansu, Aug. 1959, 91-18-96, p. 570. |
| 7 | Yunnan, 29 July 1958, 2-1-3102, p. 20. |
| 8 | Yunnan, 4 Sept. 1958, 2-1-3101, pp. 1–35. |
| 9 | Yunnan, Sept. 1958, 2-1-3101, pp. 36–9, 48–65, 66–84, 94–104, 105–23. |
| 10 | Guangdong, 20 Jan. 1961, 217-1-645, pp. 15–19. |
| 11 | Teiwes, China’s Road to Disaster , p. 85. |
| 12 | Bo, Ruogan zhongda shijian , p. 682; the system is described by MacFarquhar, Origins , vol. 2, p. 31. |
| 13 | Record of the Nanning meeting, Gansu, 28 Jan. 1958, 91-4-107, p. 2. |
| 14 | Interview in Lu Xiaobo, Cadres and Corruption: The Organizational Involution of the Chinese Communist Party , Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000, p. 84. |
| 15 | Suiping, 13 Feb. 1958, 1-201-7, pp. 8 and 32; 29 Oct. 1958, 1-221-8. |
| 16 | For an example from Chuxiong county, Yunnan, see Erik Mueggler, The Age of Wild Ghosts: Memory, Violence, and Place in Southwest China , Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001, p. 176. |
| 17 | Guangdong, 1961, 217-1-618, p. 36. |
| 18 | Renmin ribao , 26 Nov. 1957, p. 2; 29 Dec. 1957, p. 2; 21 Jan. 1958, p. 4; 16 Aug. 1958, p. 8. |
| 19 | Macheng, 15 July 1958, 1-1-331; 13 April 1959, 1-1-370, p. 37. |
| 20 | Guangdong, 31 Dec. 1960, 217-1-576, pp. 54–68. |
| 21 | Jiang, Qishi nian zhengcheng , p. 431. |
| 22 | Bo, Ruogan zhongda shijian , p. 683; the practice came from a collective farm in Shandong. |
| 23 | Report from the Centre, Yunnan, 3 Sept. 1958, 120-1-84, pp. 52–67. |
| 24 | Guangdong, 31 Dec. 1961, 217-1-642, pp. 11–12. |
| 25 | Guangdong, 7 Jan. 1961, 217-1-643, pp. 120–2. |
| 26 | Roderick MacFarquhar, Timothy Cheek and Eugene Wu (eds), The Secret Speeches of Chairman Mao: From the Hundred Flowers to the Great Leap Forward , Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989, p. 450. |
| 27 | Macheng, 15 Jan. 1959, 1-1-443, p. 10. |
| 28 | Interview with Liu Shu, born 1946, Renshou county, Sichuan, April 2006. |
| 29 | Interview with Luo Bai, born 1930s, Hongya county, Sichuan, April 2006. |
| 30 | Zhejiang, 4 May 1961, J007-13-48, pp. 1–8. |
| 31 | Macheng, 20 Jan. 1959, 1-1-378, p. 22. |
| 32 | Hebei, 16 April 1961, 884-1-202, pp. 35–47. |
| 33 | Guangdong, 5 Jan. 1961, 217-1-643, pp. 50–60. |
| 34 | Li, Private Life of Chairman Mao , p. 278. |
| 35 | Minutes of conversation, Hebei, 4–5 Aug. 1958, 855-4-1271, pp. 6–7 and 13–14; see also Renmin ribao , 4 Aug. 1958, p. 1, 11 Aug. 1958, pp. 1 and 4. |
| 36 | Hunan, 19 Oct. 1958, 141-2-64, pp. 78–82; Hunan, 18 Sept. 1958, 141-1-1066, pp. 7–8. |
| 37 | Hunan, 19 Oct. 1958, 141-2-64, pp. 78–82. |
| 38 | Hunan, 5 Nov. 1958, 141-1-1051, p. 124. |
| 39 | Directive from the State Council, Gansu, 7 Jan. 1959, 91-8-360, pp. 5–6. |
Chapter 6: Let the Shelling Begin
| 1 | Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi (eds), Mao Zedong waijiao wenxuan (Selection of writings on foreign affairs by Mao Zedong), Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1994, pp. 323–4. |
| 2 | Lüthi, Sino-Soviet Split , pp. 92–3. |
| 3 | Li, Waijiao wutaishang , p. 149. |
| 4 | Harrison E. Salisbury, The New Emperors: China in the Era of Mao and Deng , Boston: Little, Brown, 1992, pp. 155–6. |
| 5 | Li, Waijiao wutaishang , p. 151. |
| 6 | Russian minutes in ‘Peregovory S. Khrushcheva s Mao Tszedunom 31 iiulia–3 avgusta 1958 g. i 2 oktiabria 1959 g.’, Novaia i Noveishaia Istoria , no. 1 (2001), pp. 100–8; reference on page 117. |
| 7 | Khrushchev, Vremia, liudi, vlast’ , vol. 3, pp. 76–7. |
| 8 | Li, Private Life of Chairman Mao , p. 261. |
| 9 | Li, Waijiao wutaishang , pp. 149–50. |
| 10 | As he recollected while addressing a plenum a few years later; see RGANI, Moscow, 18 Jan. 1961, 2-1-535, pp. 143–6; see also RGANI, Moscow, 14 Feb. 1964, 2-1-720, p. 137. |
| 11 | Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev , Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996, pp. 225–6. |
| 12 | Li, Private Life of Chairman Mao , p. 270. |
| 13 | Mao, Mao Zedong waijiao wenxuan , pp. 344 and 347. |
| 14 | Roland Felber, ‘China and the Claim for Democracy’, in Näth, Communist China in Retrospect , p. 117; more recently Lorenz Lüthi, an expert on Sino-Soviet relations, has also underlined how domestic developments alone determined the timing of the shelling of Quemoy; Lüthi, Sino-Soviet Split , p. 99. |
Chapter 7: The People’s Communes
| 1 | Li, Private Life of Chairman Mao , p. 263. |
| 2 | Hebei, Sept. 1957, 855-4-1271, pp. 1–5. |
| 3 | Hebei, 13 Feb. and 30 April 1958, 855-18-541, pp. 13–20 and 67–81. |
| 4 | Mao, Jianguo yilai , vol. 7, p. 143. |
| 5 | Renmin ribao , 17 April 1958, p. 2. |
| 6 | Chen Boda, ‘Zai Mao Zedong tongzhi de qizhi xia’, Hongqi , 16 July 1958, no. 4, pp. 1–12. |
| 7 | Speech on 19 and 21 Aug. 1958, Gansu, 91-18-495, pp. 316 and 321. |
| 8 | Li, Dayuejin , vol. 2, p. 31. |
| 9 | Renmin ribao , 1 Sept. 1958, p. 3. |
| 10 | Jin and Huang, Liu Shaoqi zhuan , pp. 832–3. |
| 11 | Renmin ribao , 18 Sept. 1958, p. 2; 24 Sept. 1958, p. 1. |
| 12 | Mao, Jianguo yilai , vol. 7, p. 494. |
| 13 | Ji Fengyuan, Linguistic Engineering: Language and Politics in Mao’s China , Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2004, p. 88. |
| 14 | Speech on 21 and 24 Aug. 1958; Hunan, 141-1-1036, pp. 24–5 and 31. |
| 15 | Renmin ribao , 3 Oct. 1958, p. 2. |
| 16 | Renmin ribao , 6 Oct. 1958, p. 6; 13 Oct. 1958, p. 1. |
| 17 | Hunan, 18 Sept. 1958, 141-1-1066, p. 5. |
| 18 | John Gittings, ‘China’s Militia’, China Quarterly , no. 18 (June 1964), p. 111. |
| 19 | Macheng, 15 Jan. 1959, 1-1-443, pp. 9 and 24. |
| 20 | Nanjing, 10 April 1961, 4003-2-481, pp. 75–83. |
| 21 | Hunan, 4 Feb. 1961, 151-1-20, pp. 8–9. |
| 22 | Guangdong, 10 Dec. 1960, 217-1-643, p. 44. |
| 23 | Interview with Li Yeye, born 1935, Langzhong county, Sichuan, April 2007. |
| 24 | Interview with Feng Dabai, born 1930s, Langzhong county, Sichuan, Sept. 2006. |
| 25 | Sichuan, 26 Feb. 1960, JC1-1846, p. 22. |
| 26 | Guangdong, 10 Dec. 1960, 217-1-643, p. 45. |
| 27 | Guangdong, 12 Feb. 1959, 217-1-69, pp. 25–33. |
| 28 | Guangdong, 7 Jan. 1961, 217-1-643, p. 111. |
| 29 | Guangzhou, 27 Oct. 1958, 16-1-1, p. 76. |
| 30 | Wuhan, 3 Nov. 1958, 83-1-523, p. 126. |
| 31 | Wuhan, 19 Sept. and 3 Nov. 1958, 83-1-523, pp. 21–5 and 126–32. |
| 32 | Guangzhou, 27 Oct. 1958, 16-1-1, p. 76. |
| 33 | Wuhan, 1958, 83-1-523, p. 87. |
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