Malcolm X (103 page)

388
rally scheduled for later that day
. FBI—MMI Memo, Philadelphia Office, October 22, 1964.

388
may have quelled their worries
. FBI—MMI Memo, New York Office, October 22, 1964.

388
leadership role in the MMI
. FBI—Morris Summary Report, New York Office, March 1, 1965; and FBI Memo, New York Office, December 1, 1964.

389
“to certain people as devils.”
James 67X Warden interview, August 1, 2007.

389
the African continent’s unprecedented social change
. “The Homecoming Rally of the OAAU,ʺ in Breitman, ed.,
By Any Means Necessary
, pp. 132-56.

389
a threat to black
'
interests.
Ibid.

390
“how to solve this problem.”
Hajj Malik el-Shabazz to Muhammad Sourour el-Sabban, November 30, 1964, MXC-S, box 3, folder 4.

391
“that are headquartered in Mecca
.ʺ Hajj Malik el-Shabazz to Muhammad Taufik Oweida, November 30, 1964, MXC-S, box 3, folder 4; and MX FBI, Teletype, New York Office, December 1, 1964.

391
“to change this miserable condition.”
Ibid., pp. 252-53; MX FBI, Memo, London Office, December 9, 1964; MX FBI, Memo, London Office, January 11, 1965; and “Cheers for Malcolm X at Oxford,”
Daily Telegraph
, December 4, 1964.

391
“no one should doubt the power.”
“Militant Muslim,”
Manchester Guardian Weekly
, December 10, 1964.

391
met privately with Wallace Muhammad.
FBI—MMI Summary Report, New York Office, February 21, 1965, p. 40; MX FBI, Teletype, New York Office, December 6, 1964; and a reception invitation from the Tanzanian representative to the United Nations, December 9, 1964, in OAAU Papers, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.

392
man in his father’s eyes.
DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, p. 236.

392
“just as ruthless and cold-blooded.”
Hajj Malik el-Shabazz (Malcolm X) to Walith Mohammed (Wallace Muhammad), December 21, 1964, MXC-S, box 3, folder 4.

393
“with what I have to do.”
James 67X Warden interview, July 24, 2007.

393
“being ‘terminated with extreme prejudice.
'ʺ Ibid.

394
“seem to have all the power.”
“Communication and Reality,” in Clarke, ed.,
Malcolm X: The Man and His Times
, pp. 307-20.

395
“avenge the crime in the Congo.”
William Gálves,
Che in Africa: Che Guevara’s Congo Diary
(Melbourne, Australia: Ocean, 1999), pp. 27-28.

395
reports, many more.
The FBI estimated the December 13, 1964, audience at the Audubon Ballroom at two thousand. See MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, January 8, 1965.

395 “
the segregationist, lyncher, and exploiter
.ʺ “At the Audubon, December 13, 1964,” in Breitman, ed.,
Malcolm X Speaks
, pp. 88-104; and MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, January 8, 1965.

396
“here—we eat them up.”
“At the Audubon, December 13, 1964.”

396
support for the guerrilla war
. The best single study of Ernesto Che Guevara’s guerrilla activities in Congo in 1965 is Gálvez,
Che in Africa
, especially pp. 29-32, 35-36, 43. An excellent biography of the subject is Anderson,
Che Guevara
.

397
“thief, dope addict, and a pimp.”
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, January 20, 1965, p. 56.

397
“May Allah burn them in hell.”
See
Muhammad Speaks
, September 25, 1964, especially Captain Joseph and Jeremiah X, “Biography of a Hypocrite.”

398
“destruction for such a defector.”
Edwina X, “Open Invitation: Come to Muhammad’s Mosque,”
Muhammad Speaks
, November 26, 1964.

398
“as Malcolm is worthy of death.”
Louis X, “Boston Minister Tells of Malcolm—Muhammad’s Biggest Hypocrite,”
Muhammad Speaks
, December 4, 1964.

398
them to keep a low profile
. Clegg,
An Original Man
, pp. 226, 330; and “Muslims Charged,”
Amsterdam News
, November 14, 1964.

398
by his former roommate Anas Luqman.
James 67X Warden interview, August 1, 2007.

399
“a program, you get action.”
“At the Audubon,” in Breitman, ed.,
Malcolm X Speaks
, pp. 115-36; MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, December 21, 1964, and December 22, 1964; and “Malcolm Favors Mau Mau in U.S.,”
New York Times
, December 21, 1964.

400
triumph for all colored people.
W. E. B. Du Bois’s address on his ninety-first birthday (February 21, 1959), from Beijing, advanced similar ideas about China serving as a model for the world’s oppressed non-Europeans. Malcolm continued to stay in communication with the Du Bois family; in fact he had just written to David Du Bois on December 15, 1964, urging him to start an OAAU branch in Egypt. See Marable,
W. E. B. Du Bois,
pp. 205-6; and Malcolm X to David Graham, December 15, 1964, MXC-S, box 3, folder 4.

400
“systems to solve their problems.”
“At the Audubon,” in Breitman, ed.,
Malcolm X Speaks
, pp. 115-36.

401
still considerable, had been narrowed.
Reminiscences of James Farmer (1979), in the Columbia University Oral History Research Office Collection.

401
as he left the station.
FBI—MMI Summary Report, New York Office, May 21, 1965, p. 27; MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, December 30, 1964.

401
a mere hundred dollars each
. “Convict Muslims in Boston,”
Amsterdam News
, February 6, 1965; Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, p. 549.

401
the audience throughout the program.
MX FBI, Memo from [redacted] to W. C. Sullivan, December 29, 1964; and MX FBI, Memo, Philadelphia Office, January 19, 1965.

402
let anyone into their house.
MX FBI, Memo, Philadelphia Office, January 19, 1965.

402
“a stand on your side.”
Hajj Malik el-Shabazz to Akbar Muhammad, December 30, 1964, MXC-S, box 3, folder 7.

402
to take their own murderous initiative.
Ibid.

402
“famous Orthodox Brother in America.”
Alex Haley to Paul Reynolds, October 17, 1964, Anne Romaine Collection, UTLSC, series I, box 3, folder 24.

402
“to write new final chapters.”
Alex Haley to Paul Reynolds, November 19, 1964, ibid.

403 “
March . . . it’s a powerful book.
” Alex Haley to Paul Reynolds, February 14, 1965, ibid.

404
“like Jesus slipped into Jerusalem.”
“To Mississippi Youth,” in Breitman, ed.,
Malcolm X Speaks
, pp. 13 7-46.

404
a crowd of seven hundred.
“Is Malcolm X Clueing In Africans on U.S.?ʺ
Militant
, January 11, 1965.

404
personality to a mass audience.
MX FBI, Teletype, Washington Office, Director to New York Office, January 6, 1965; MX FBI, Memo, Washington Office, Director to Ottawa, January 3, 1965; and
Front Page Challenge
with Malcolm X, CBC, January 5, 1965 (accessible on
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Id98PH7TZb8&feature=related
and
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUSthrNcgQQ&feature=related
).

404
within that same dynamic context.
“Prospects for Freedom in 1965,” in Breitman, ed.,
Malcolm X Speaks
, pp. 147-56.

404
in starting an office there
. Malcolm X to Carlos Moore, January 15, 1965, MXC-S, box 3, folder 4.

405
placed her faith and hopes.
Malcolm X to Maya Maké, January 15, 1965, ibid.

405
largely missed the point
. “1,000 in Vigil Defy Cold in Harlem,”
New York Times
, January 18, 1965.

406
“on the plantation by overseers.”
Ibid. Malcolm vowed that in 1965 black people “won’t be held in check . . . won’t be held on the corral, they won’t be held back at all.”

406
excluded too many “true revolutionaries.”
Ibid.

407
“Negro leaders can’t contain it.”
Ibid.

407
“Elijah Muhammad has taught it.”
Malcolm X interview with Pierre Berton in Toronto, January 19, 1965, in David Gallen, ed.,
Malcolm X: As They Knew Him
(New York: Carroll and Graf, 1992), pp. 179-87.

408
“little better than we were.”
Peter Goldman interview, July 12, 2004.

408
“whatever else we are second.”
DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, pp. 201-2, 248.

408
moved twice out of fear.
Evanzz,
The Messenger
, p. 315.

409
“My alertness is my bodyguard.”
James Booker, “Malcolm X Speaks,”
Amsterdam News
, February 6, 1965.

409
to testify at the hearing.
“Malcolm X Was to Testify Here in Suits,”
Los Angeles Times
, February 25, 1965.

409
tunnel to reach his plane.
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, September 8, 1965, pp. 19-20, 37; and Goldman,
The Death and Life of Malcolm X
, pp. 250-51.

409
placed under close police guard
. Goldman,
The Death and Life of Malcolm X
, p. 251; “Malcolm X Had Fear of Death While in L.A.,ʺ
Los Angeles Times
, February 23, 1965; MX FBI, Memo, Chicago Office, January 29, 1965; MX FBI, Teletype, Chicago Office, January 31, 1965; and MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, September 8, 1965, p. 36.

410
access to penal institutions
. MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, February 17, 1965; FBI—OAAU, Memo, Chicago Office, February 4, 1965, and February 18, 1965; MX FBI, Teletype, Chicago Office, January 31, 1965; MX FBI, Memo, Chicago Office, February 4, 1965, and February 18, 1965.

410
large draw for the group.
MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, February 2, 1965; and FBI—OAAU, Enclosure, New York Office, February 2, 1965.

410
of the Nation under arrest.
James Booker, “Malcolm X Speaks,”
Amsterdam News
, February 6, 1965; and Steve Clark, ed.,
February 1965: The Final Speeches
(New York: Pathfinder, 1992), pp. 17-19.

410
Malcolm again escaped unharmed.
Booker, “Malcolm X Speaks,”
Amsterdam News
, February 6, 1965; and MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, February 9, 1965.

411
“we’re waiting for the other.”
Clark, ed.,
February 1965
, pp. 20-22.

412
the South within a few weeks.
“Stop Demonstrations,”
Chicago Defender
, February 6, 1965; Clark, ed.,
February 1965
, pp. 23-28; and MX FBI, Teletype, New York Office, February 4, 1965. A few weeks later, Malcolm gave a very different interpretation of his experience at Selma. In his February 15, 1965, lecture at the Audubon Ballroom, he criticized “my good friend, the Right Reverend Dr. Martin [laughter] in Alabama, using school children to do what the federal government should do. . . . School children shouldn’t have to march.” One of King’s assistants did not want Malcolm speaking with young people involved in the protest. “The children insisted that I be heard. . . . Many of the students from SNCC also insisted that I be heard. This is the only way I got a chance to talk to them.” See Clark, ed.,
February 1965
, pp. 138-39.

412
“do not support the U.S. war.”
MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, February 2, 1965; MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, February 8, 1965, and February 9, 1965; and MX FBI, Memo, Tokyo Office, February 19, 1965.

412
“than Moise Tshombe,” he declared.
Clark, ed.,
February 1965
, pp. 32-33.

412
to look “like a criminal.”
Ibid., p. 33.

413
“well have been locked up.”
Ibid., pp. 34-41; MX FBI, Cablegram, Paris Office, February 11, 1965; MX FBI, New York Office, February 10, 1965, and February 11, 1965; and “France Bars Malcolm,”
Chicago Defender
, February 10, 1965.

413
“determine why this incident took place.”
Malcolm X to Dean Rusk, February 10, 1965, MXC-S, box 3, folder 4.

413
“human rights for the black man.”
Clark, ed.,
February 1965
, pp. 42-44.

414
“forms of segregation,” he insisted.
Ibid., pp. 46-65.

414
“he’s losing his control.”
Ibid.

415
“start off a bloody battle.”
“Aid to Malcolm X by BBC Assailed,ʺ
New York Times
, February 14, 1965; “Malcolm X Pays Smethwick Call,”
Washington Post
, February 14, 1965; and “Malcolm X On Tour,”
New York Herald Tribune
, February 14, 1965.

415
“want to follow Malcolm X.”
Gene Sherman, “Malcolm X Stirs Up Resentment in Britain,”
Los Angeles Times
, February 14, 1965.

415
“They are all the same.”
Clark, ed.,
February 1965
, pp. 69-72.

416
“From Washington,” Malcolm replied.
Rickford,
Betty Shabazz
, p. 222.

416
late into the night in his study.
Ibid.

416
“how great his strength was.”
Ibid., pp. 222-24; “Malcolm X's Home Is Bombed,”
Chicago Tribune
, February 15, 1965; “Three Fire Bombs Hit Home of Malcolm X,ʺ
Los Angeles Times
, February 15, 1965; “Malcolm X, Kin Flee Bombing,”
New York Daily News
, February 15, 1965; “Who Bombed Malcolm X's Home?”
New York Post
, February 15, 1965; “Malcolm X Denies He Is Bomber,”
Amsterdam News
, February 20, 1965; and “Malcolm X Accuses Muslims,”
New York Times
, February 16, 1965.

417
“firebombing [of the] house.”
Thomas 15X Johnson interview, September 29, 2004. Since Johnson’s death, Malcolm X researcher Abdur-Rahman Muhammad has also confirmed that NOI members were responsible for firebombing the Shabazz home.

417
into an almost uncontrollable rage.
Rickford,
Betty Shabazz
, pp. 222-24.