Malcolm X (101 page)

319
“different races and colors who treated me as a human being.”
Travel Diaries, May 21, 1964, MXC-S, box 5, folder 13; Malcolm X's Itinerary, MXC-S, box 13, folder 7; MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, January 20, 1965, p. 90; “Malcolm X Makes It In from Mecca,”
Chicago Defender
, May 25, 1964; “Malcolm Says He Is Backed Abroad,”
New York Times
, May 22, 1964; and “‘My Next Move’—Malcolm X: An Exclusive Interview,”
Amsterdam News
, May 30, 1964.

320
“dark blue suits, white shirts and distinctive red or grey bow ties.”
“Malcolm Says He Is Backed Abroad,”
New York Times
, May 22, 1964.

321
brothers “to be careful of the NOI.
ʺ FBI—MMI, Memo, New York Office, March 26, 1964.

322
membership in the Jack and Jill organization.
“Lynn Shifflett in ‘Big Sister’ Contest,”
Los Angeles Sentinel
, April 28, 1955; “Marion DeMan Hosts Teenager Party,”
Los Angeles Sentinel
, August 25, 1955; “Jack, Jill Conference First for Teen-Agers,”
Los Angeles Sentinel
, September 1, 1955; and “Founders Day Noted by Sigma Gamma Rho,”
Los Angeles Sentinel
, December 27, 1956.

322
funds for Freedom Riders in the South.
“The Guest Corner,”
Los Angeles Sentinel
, July 11, 1957; “College Girl Relates African Experiences,”
Los Angeles Sentinel
, November 13, 1958; “Photo of Shifflett,”
Los Angeles Sentinel
, April 30, 1959; “Photo of Shifflett,”
Los Angeles Sentinel
, October 22, 1959; and “Photo of Shifflett,”
Los Angeles Sentinel,
July 6, 1961
.

322
“white people would also begin to feel the effects of this.”
Peter Bailey interview, September 4, 1968, Manuscript Division, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University Library.

322
“And don’t ask no questions, just be there.”
Peter Bailey interview, June 20, 2003.

323
“relaxed and he laughed and he’d joke.”
Peter Bailey interview, September 4, 1968.

323
weeks prior to Malcolm’s break with the Nation.
Peter Bailey interview, June 20, 2003.

323
“anything that Malcolm did,” Ferguson said.
Herman Ferguson interview, June 24, 2004.

324
evidently the sacrifice made sense to her.
Ibid.

324
the Nation of Islam would never readmit him.
DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, pp. 199-200.

325 “
change black pathology into another religion.”
“A Conversation with Ossie Davis,”
Souls
, vol. 2, no. 3 (Summer 2000), pp. 6-16; quotation, p. 15. Davis also predicted that Malcolm X would emerge once again “as a central figure in any effort to unite, to regroup, our forces and to prepare ourselves for the onslaught that is sure to be visited upon us in this new century.”

325
to run into each other at demonstrations.
See Von Hugo Washington, “An Evaluation of the Play
Purlie Victorious
and Its Impact on the American Theater Scene,” Ph.D. dissertation, Wayne State University, 1979.

325
“with the nonwhite majority of the world.”
Peter Goldman interview, July 12, 2004.

326
“That’s what the rub was.”
Norman 3X Butler (also known as Muhammad Abdul Aziz) interview, December 22, 2008.

326
subsequent break was Malcolm’s fault. Larry
4X Prescott interview, June 9, 2006.

326
“the Nation. . . . That’s the way I saw it.”
Ibid.

327
her husband was out of the country.
Rickford,
Betty Shabazz
, pp. 180-81.

327
“the freer we all became.”
Ibid., p. 182.

327
Louis’s name in the column as “Minister Lewis.”
Minister Lewis, “Minister Who Knew Him Best—Part I, Rips Malcolm’s Treachery, Defection,”
Muhammad Speaks
, May 8, 1964. Also see Minister Louis, “Fall of a Minister,”
Muhammad Speaks
, June 5, 1964.

328
Malcolm “had embraced Sunni Islam.”
James 67X Warden interview, June 18, 2003.

328
“I would have walked away.”
Herman Ferguson interview, July 24, 2004.

328
Betty curtly replied, “No.”
Betty Shabazz interview, January 27, 1989, Anne Romaine Collection, UTLSC, series I, box 3, folder 24.

329
“generation of American whites to turn with them.”
M. S. Handler, “Malcolm X Pleased by Whites’ Attitude on Trip to Mecca,”
New York Times
, May 8, 1964.

329
“everyone as part of one human family
.
”
James Booker, “Is Mecca Trip Changing Malcolm?”
Amsterdam News
, May 23, 1964.

329
required the blessing of Elijah Muhammad.
Alex Haley to Paul Reynolds, December 11, 1963, KMC, box 44, folder 1.

330
“harassed by intermittent money pressures.”
Alex Haley to Kenneth McCormick, Tony Gibbs, Jr., and Paul Reynolds, December 28, 1963, ibid.

330
“‘Twenty Million Black Muslims,’” Haley observed.
Alex Haley to Kenneth McCormick, Tony Gibbs, Jr., and Paul Reynolds, January 19, 1964, KMC, box 44, folder 2.

330
best estimate of the final manuscript date
. Wolcott Gibbs, Jr., to Alex Haley, January 29, 1964, ibid.

330
sent off suggestions for revision.
Alex Haley to Ken McCormick, Wolcott Gibbs, Jr., and Paul Reynolds, January 28, 1964, ibid.

330
“would quarrel with what I’m saying to him.”
Paul Reynolds to Tony Gibbs, Jr., February 7, 1964, ibid.

331
“blasts everything that went before.
ʺ Alex Haley to Tony Gibbs, Jr., February 11, 1964, ibid.

331
“every Christian needs to wrestle with.”
Alex Haley to Ken McCormick, Paul Reynolds, and Tony Gibbs, Jr., February 18, 1964, ibid.

332
“including to make foreign rights hotly bid for!”
Alex Haley to Ken McCormick and Paul Reynolds, March 21, 1964, ibid.

332
of all chapters that had been completed.
Paul Reynolds to Anthony Gibbs, Jr., March 30, 1964, ibid.

332
that Gibbs finally forwarded the check.
Tony Gibbs to Robert Banker, April 7, 1964, ibid.

332
Africa’s resources to U.S. police brutality.
MX FBI, Memo, Chicago Office, May 27, 1964; and “Malcolm Says He Is Backed Abroad,”
New York Times
.

332
“his real end—respect as a human being.”
“Goals Changed by Malcolm X,ʺ
Los Angeles Times
, May 24, 1964; MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, January 20, 1965, pp. 10-11, 15, 98-100; FBI—MMI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 6, 1964, p. 14; and “Photo Standalone,”
Chicago Defender
, May 20, 1964.

333
“‘guerrilla tactics of other deprived revolutionaries.’”
“Goals Changed by Malcolm X,ʺ
Los Angeles Times
; and Breitman, ed.,
By Any Means Necessary
, pp. 178-79.

333
“man you’re all going to have to deal with.”
Judith Martin, “Gregory Predicts Social Revolution,”
Washington Post
, April 28, 1964.

333
“the only man who can stop a race riot.”
Drew Pearson, “A Comedian Sounds a Warning,”
Los Angeles Times
, May 19, 1964. Gregory also drew parallels between Malcolm and the Ku Klux Klan: “The Klan tells the Negro, ‘Don’t fool with the white woman. Don’t live in a white neighborhood.’ Malcolm X says the same thing.”

333
and SNCC chairman John Lewis.
“Civil Rights Chiefs Form National Unit,”
New York Times
, April 17, 1964.

334
“And they were supposed to get married.”
James 67X Warden interview, August 1, 2007.

334
tempted to resign as MMI coordinator.
Ibid.

334
Islamic faith, and must embrace “reality.”
DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, p. 231.

334
were “adopting a wait and see attitude.”
Jesse Lewis, “Man Who ‘Tamed’ Malcolm Is Hopeful,”
Washington Post
, May 18, 1964.

335
“strongly today than I did ten years ago.”
“A Visit from the FBI,ʺ in Clarke, ed.,
Malcolm X: The Man and His Times
, pp. 182-204.

336
“all the power this country has can’t remove him.”
Breitman, ed.,
Malcolm X Speaks
, pp. 64-71.

336
“it was certainly a revolutionary chicken!”
Ibid., pp. 68-69. Malcolm also used the forum to reach out to potential white allies, indicating his break from the racial separatism of the NOI. “We will work with anyone, with any group, no matter what their color is,” Malcolm declared, “as long as they are genuinely interested in taking the type of steps necessary to bring an end to the injustices that black people in this country are affected by” (p. 70). Also see MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, January 20, 1965, pp. 78-79.

337
“whom the Muslims preach is the devil.”
“‘My Next Move’—Malcolm X,ʺ
Amsterdam News
.

337
to resolve the dispute in a Muslim court.
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, January 20, 1965, p. 56; and FBI—Goodman, Summary Report, New York Office, October 16, 1964.

338
the northern boundary of Harlem.
Robert E. Terrill,
Malcolm X: Inventing Radical Judgment
, p. 138.

338
same of prominent minister Lonnie X Cross.
FBI—MMI, Memo, Philadelphia Office, June 3, 1964; FBI—MMI, Memo, Philadelphia Office, June 9, 1964; MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, January 20, 1965, p. 59; FBI—Goodman, Summary Report, New York Office, October 16, 1964; and “Schedule,” June 4-7, 1964, MXC-S, box 13, folder 7.

338
“enough of this black violence in New York.”
MX FBI, Telegram, J. Edgar Hoover to New York Office, June 5, 1964; and “Schedule,” June 4-7, 1964, MXC-S, box 13, folder 7.

339
“and then not believing in the words of Allah.”
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, January 20, 1965, p. 55.

339
“because the ‘devil
’
[white man] is watching.”
Ibid.

339
“you can and report it to me right away.”
FBI—Sharrieff, Summary Report, Chicago Office, August 27, 1964.

339
“in the mouth of the infamy to the elbow.”
Ibid.

340
“against colonialism, neocolonialism, and imperialism.”
Marjorie Lee, Akemi Kochiyama-Sardinha, and Audee Kochiyama-Holman, eds.,
Passing It On—A Memoir by Yuri Kochiyama
(Los Angeles: UCLA Asian American Studies Center Press, 2004), pp. 67-70; and “Schedule,” June 4-7, 1964, MXC-S, box 13, folder 7.

340
forth their accusations in the national media.
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, January 20, 1965, pp. 20-21.

340
corroborate the stories of Muhammad’s illicit lovers.
Taylor Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, p. 328.

340
Messenger’s very own son, Wallace Muhammad.
FBI—Morris, Summary Report, New York Office, March 1, 1965; and MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, January 20, 1965, pp. 3-4, 22.

341
death threats against Malcolm.
Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, p. 329.

341
Wallace of Alabama and President Lyndon Johnson.
MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, June 9, 1964; MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, January 20, 1965, pp. 16, 21; and DeCaro,
On the Side of My People
, p. 331.

341
a blueprint for the OAAU.
FBI—Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU) file, Memo, New York Office, June 19, 1964.

342
“what great organizers each of them is.”
James 67X Warden interview, June 18, 2003.

342
“and I told the brothers to do it.”
James 67X Warden interview, July 24, 2007.

342
his former membership in the Nation of Islam.
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, January 20, 1965, p. 15.

342
armed guard for fear of attack.
Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, p. 346.

342
had known about them first.
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, January 20, 1965, pp. 22-23, 59; and Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, p. 346.

343
might be expected to endorse the initiative.
MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, June 16, 1964.

343 “
CIA and military intelligence agencies.”
MX FBI, Teletype, New York Office, June 13, 1964.

343
on one thousand dollars bail each
. FBI—Goodman, Summary Report, New York Office, October 10, 1964; FBI—MMI, Memo, Boston Office, June 15, 1964; and FBI—MMI, Teletype, Boston Office, June 15, 1964. The men accompanying Benjamin were former NOI members Aubrey Barnette, Robert Lee Wise, John Thomas, Frank Terrelongo, Goulbourne Busby, Jr., Larryn Douglas, and Malcolm’s nephew Rodnell Collins, then nineteen years old.

344
“conspired” to expel him from the Nation.
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, January 20, 1965, p. 60.

344
no ammunition, so no arrest was made.
“Malcolm X Death Threat Brings Heavy Court Guard,”
New York Telegraph and Sun
, June 1, 1964; “Muslims Deny Fight Going On within Ranks,”
Chicago Defender
, June 18, 1964; and MX FBI, Teletype, New York Office, June 16, 1964.

345
“a hearing in front of the Muslim[s].”
Transcript of Queens County Civil Court Trial, June 15-16, 1964.

345
“never removed a minister without cause.”
Ibid.

346
belonged to the Nation of Islam.
Ibid.

346 “
doing and had been doing.”
Ibid.

346
in the acquisition of the property.
Ibid.

347
“than keep it quiet among Muslims.
ʺ Ibid.

347
of open season on any Malcolm loyalist.
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, January 20, 1965, p. 70.

347
were arrested and their firearms seized.
MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, June 19, 1964. The men arrested were William George, Herbert Dudley, Jesse Ryans, Vincent Woldan, James Vestal, and George Whitney. Also see FBI—MMI, Teletype, New York Office, June 17, 1964.

347
“killed for teaching against Elijah Muhammad.”
MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, January 20, 1965, p. 75.

348
great speed, straining to accomplish his goals.
Branch,
Pillar of Fire
, p. 332.

348
and the Organization of Afro-American Unity.
Marilyn E.X. to Henry Kissinger, June 18, 1964, MXC-S, box 3, folder 4.