Making War to Keep Peace (53 page)

10. Colin Powell (Address to the United Nations, February 3, 2003).

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Kofi Annan, UN Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesman for the Secretary-General, March 10, 2003.

15. Fred Eckhard, Highlights of the Noon Briefing, by the Office of the Spokesman for the Secretary General, September 16, 2004.

16. Kofi Annan, The Secretary-General Address to the General Assembly, September 23, 2003.

17. United Nations Charter, Chapter XV, Article 99.

18. Fred Eckhard, Highlights of the Noon Briefing by Fred Eckhard, Spokesman for the Secretary-General of the United Nations, September 16, 2004.

19. John Danforth, Remarks by Ambassador John C. Danforth, US Representative to the United Nations, on Sudan and Iraq, at the Security Council Stakeout, September 16, 2004.

20. Phillip Gourevitch, “The Optimist,”
The New Yorker
, February 24, 2003.

21. Humanitarian and security situations in western Sudan reach new lows, UN agency says,
UN News Service
, December 5, 2003.

22. Kofi Annan, Statement from the Secretary-General, July 25, 2006.23. Colum Lynch, “Oil-for-Food Panel Rebukes Annan, Cites Corruption,”
Washington Post
, September 8, 2005.

24. Preamble to the Charter of the United Nations,
United Nations Charter
, San Francisco, 1945.

25. Ban Ki-Mun, Transcript of Press Conference by Secretary-General-Designate Ban Ki-Mun, October 14, 2006.

26. Kofi Annan, “Annan refutes notion of ‘clash of civilizations,' points to youth as key to end mistrust,”
UN News Service
, November 13, 2006.

27. U.S. State Department, March 2003.

28. John Barry and Michael Hirsh, “A Warrior Lays Down His Arms,”
Newsweek
, November 20, 2006.

29. Jeane J. Kirkpatrick and Allan Gerson, “Right v. Might: International Law and the Use of Force,”
Council of Foreign Relations
, 1989, 20–24.

I would like to thank my husband, Evron, who was my intellectual companion, my best friend, my greatest counsel—and my first literary agent. To our children, Douglas, John, and Stuart, I thank you for your inspiration and for the joy you have given me in my life's most important work, as your mother.

Kate Campaigne has been a tireless support and good friend throughout my completion of this work. With tenacity, Teresa Hartnett has been my trusted ambassador to book publishing, and my friend. Cal Morgan, my indefatigable editor, has energized my work with his appreciation, sharp eye, and keen mind: I thank him for his commitment.

I especially thank my students for the privilege of teaching them and for the pleasure of learning from them. I encourage you to champion freedom by treasuring democracy. Never waver in your commitment to speak truth.

Afghanistan

Soviet invasion of

U.S. invasion of

Aga Khan, Sadruddin

Ahtisaari, Martti

Aideed, Mohammed Farah

Airlie Declaration

Akashi, Yasushi

Albright, Madeleine

Kosovo crisis and

Rambouillet negotiations

Ali Mahdi, Mohamed

Allard, Kenneth

al Qaeda

Andretta, Banimino

Annan, Kofi

legacy of

Arafat, Yasir

Aristide, Jean-Bertrand

overthrow of

restoration to power

Aron, Raymond

Article 51, of UN Charter

Aspin, Les

Atwood, Brian

Awaleh, Abdi Hassan

Aziz, Tariq

 

Badinter, Robert

Baker, James A.

Balkan crisis and

on E.C's handling of Balkan crisis

on Haiti coup

Serbia and

Somalia peacekeeping operations and

on strengthening UN

Balkan crisis, old
vs.
new Europe and

Balladur, Edouard

Ban Ki-Mun

Barre, Siad

Belman, John

Berger, Sandy

Biamby, Philippe

Biden, Joe

Bishop, Maurice

Blair, Tony

Bolshevism

Boorda, Jeremy M.

Bosnia.
See also
Croatia; Kosovo crisis;

Serbia; Slovenia; Yugoslavia arms embargo and

Boutros-Ghali's refusal to provide UN peacekeepers for

Bush administration and

Carrington plan and

Clinton administration and

Dayton Peace Accords

Euro-American relations and

extent of devastation in

fighting in

international response to

massacre at Srebrencia

safe areas established for

Serbian destruction of

as test for U.S.

Vance-Owen plan

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros

appointment as secretary-general

attempts to expand jurisdiction of secretary-general by

Bosnia and

managing military affairs and

massacre at Srebrencia and

objections to effective action against Bosnia and

peacekeepers in Bosnia and

power grab by

right to control use of airpower in Bosnia and

Somalia alternatives and

Somalia and

vision of, for UN peacekeeping

Bowden, Mark

Brennan, Thomas

Brioni Agreement

Briquemont, Francis

Brock, Hans van den

Brown, Hank

Burns, John F.

Bush, George H. W.

Bosnian crisis and

building support among American public to remove Saddam

vs.
Clinton administration on Somalia

foreign policy and

intervention in Somalia

Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and

Kosovo crisis and

multilateral moves of

new world order and

refusal to attack Saddam and

securing support from Congress to remove Saddam

suspension of hostilities against Saddam and

UN peacekeeping operations

use of multilateral actions by

as war leader

world order vision of

Yugoslavia and

Bush, George W.

doctrine of preemptive self-defense

foreign policy and

invasion of Afghanistan

Bush Doctrine of preemptive self- defense

Byrd, Robert

Caputo, Dante

Carrington, Lord Peter

Carter, Ashton

Carter, Jimmy

Carter-Joanassaint Accord

Cédras, Raoul

Cheney, Richard

Chernomyrdin, Victor

Chinese Communism

Chirac, Jacques

Christopher, Warren

civilizations, clash of

Claes, Willy

Clark, Wesley

Clausewitz, Carl von

Clinton, Bill

Balkan crisis and

vs.
Bush administration on Somalia

committing U.S. troops to Bosnia

distaste of U.S. unilateral force and

dual-key principle and

food aid to Bosnia

foreign policy and

goals for Kosovo

intervention in Somalia

Kosovo crisis and

Mogadishu debacle

policy in Bosnia of

policy toward Haiti of

Presidential Decision Directive 13

retreat from global leadership and

Saddam's provocations and

Somalia and

withdrawing from Somalia

CNN effect

Coard, Bernard

Cohen, Eliot

Cohen, William

collective action, complexity of

Cook, Robin

Cot, Jean

Croatia
See also
Bosnia; Yugoslavia

arms supplies to

Carrington plan and

independence of

invasion of by Serbia

recognition of, by Germany

Cullen, Gene

 

Daalder, Ivo

Damrosch, Lori Fisler

Danforth, John

Danner, Mark

Dayton Peace Accords

Delors, Jacques

Demaci, Adam

democracy

entitlement to, Haiti and

military intervention to promote

Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK)

Dijindjic, Zoran

Dini, Lamberto

Dole, Robert

Domenici, Pete

Drew, Elizabeth

Drnovsek, Janez

dual-key principle

Dumas, Roland

Duvalier, François

Duvalier, Jean-Claude

 

Eagleburger, Lawrence

Egeland, Jan

Einaudi, Luigi

Ekeus, Rolf

Ernst, Carl

ethnic cleansing, Serbia and

ethnic rivalries

Europe, old
vs.
new, Balkan crisis and

European community (EC), foreign policy and

Evans, Gareth

Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose

 

Farer, Tom

fascism

Fauriol, Georges

Floyd, David

Foley, Thomas S.

Ford, Gerald R.

foreign policy.
See
U.S. foreign policy

Fougere, William

France

Balkan crisis and

invasion of Kuwait and

Franck, Thomas

François, Michel

Frasure, Robert

Freud, Sigmund

 

Gaidar, Yegor

Ganic, Ejup

Garrison, William

Gates, Robert

Genscher, Hans Dietrich

Germany

Balkan crisis and

invasion of Kuwait and

recognition of Slovenia and Croatia

Gerson, Allan

Ghalib, Umar Arteh

Gibbons, Elizabeth

Gilgorov, Kiro

Gilman, Benjamin

Gingrich, Newt

Glaspie, April

Gorbachev, Mikhail

Gore, Al

Goss, Porter

Governors Island Agreement

Gray, William

Grenada, invasion of

Gulf War.
See
Operation Desert Storm end of

Guthrie, Charles

Gutman, Roy

 

Haass, Richard

Hackworth, David H.

Haig, Alexander, Jr.

Haiti

Aristide restored to power

Carter-Joanassaint Accord

Clinton administration's policy toward

as democratic nation

embargo against

establishing democracy in

justifying U.S. intervention in

nation building in

1995 elections

Operation Uphold Democracy

restoring democracy in

2000 elections in

U.S. reaction to overthrow of Aristide government

Halperin, Morton

Hammarskjöld, Dag

Helman, Gerald B.

Herzegovina

Hill, Christopher

Hoar, Joseph P.

Holbrooke, Richard

Howard, John

Howe, Jonathan T.

Huntington, Samuel

Hurd, Douglas

Hussein, Saddam

armistice and

failure to understand situation and

G. H. W. Bush's refusal to attack

invasion of Kuwait

as leader

refusal to abandon occupation of Kuwait

violation of cease-fire agreement by

war against Iraq's minorities

Hussein I (king of Jordan)

 

Ignatieff, Michael

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

Iraq

American invasion of

democratic government and

invasion of Kuwait by

Islamic fundamentalism

Israel

Ivanov, Igor

Izetbegovíc, Alija

 

Jackson, Mike

Jashari, Adem

Javier, Bernard

Jennings, Peter

Jess, Omar

Johnson, Lyndon B.

Jonah, James O. C.

Jonassaint, Emile

Jovanovi, Vladislav

Juppé, Alain

 

Karadzic, Radovan

Karzi, Hamid

Kedourie, Elie

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Kelly, John

Kinkel, Klaus

Kirkpatrick, Jeane J.

Kohl, Helmut

Kosovo crisis.
See also
Bosnia

background of

ending of war

events after

extent of devastation

ineffective threat of use of force and

Milošević's priorities and

negotiations at Rambouillet

turning points in

use of Nato force

Kosovo Liberation Army

Kostunica, Vojislav

Krajisnik, Momcilo

Kurds, Saddam's war against

Kurth, Mike

Kuwait

building consensus in UN and U.S. for invasion of

building support among American public for

Iraq's invasion of

securing support of U.S. Congress for invasion of

U.S. interests in

 

Lake, Anthony

Lane, Charles

Lantos, Tom

Lapresle, Bertrand I.

Lavrov, Sergei

League of Nations

Leotard, François

Levy, Bernard-Henri

Lieberman, Joseph

Linz, Juan

London Agreement

Lugar, Richard

 

MacKenzie, Lewis

Maingot, Anthony

Major, John

Maliki, Nouri al-

Malone, David

Maren, Michael

Martin, Laurence

Mazowiecki, Tadeusz

McDougal, Myers

Mediluce, José Maria

Menzies, John

Mérimée, Jean-Bernard

Mesic, Stipe

Michelis, Gianni le

military intervention, to promote democracy

Milošević, Slobodan

diplomatic attempts to check

Kosovo and

rise in power

Mitchell, George

Mitterand, François

Mladic, Ratko

Montgomery, Thomas

Morgan, Mohamad Said Hersi

Morillon, Philippe

Mubarak, Hosni

multinational decision-making

complexity of

problems in

 

Nano, Fatos

Naumann, Klaus

Nazism

Nickles, Don

Nixon, Richard

Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT)

Noriega, Manuel

Nunn, Sam

 

Oakley, Robert

Ogata, Sadako

O'Grady, Scott

O'Hanlon, Michael

oil-for-food program, UN

Operation Desert Shield

Operation Desert Storm

Operation Enduring Freedom

Operation Restore Hope

Operation Uphold Democracy

Owen, Lord David

 

Patriot missile defense system

peacekeeping operations, UN

conventional

interoperability of forces and

Somalia and

Pell, Claiborne

Pérez, Carlos Andrés

Pérez de Cuéllar, Javier

Perry, William

Pezzullo, Lawrence

Pickering, Thomas

Poos, Jacques

Powell, Colin

Powell Doctrine

Presidential Decision Directive 13 (PDD-13)

Préval, René

 

Quayle, Dan, 27

 

Rambouillet, negotiations at, Kosovo crisis and

Ratner, Steven

Reagan, Ronald

Reagan Doctrine

Resolution 660, Security Council

Resolution 661, Security Council

Resolution 662, Security Council

Resolution 664, Security Council

Resolution 665, Security Council

Resolution 666, Security Council

Resolution 667, Security Council

Resolution 668, Security Council

Resolution 669, Security Council

Resolution 670, Security Council

Resolution 674, Security Council

Resolution 677, Security Council

Resolution 678, Security Council

Resolution 687, Security Council

Resolution 688, Security Council

Resolution 733, Security Council

Resolution 743, Security Council

Resolution 751, Security Council

Resolution 752, Security Council

Resolution 767, Security Council

Resolution 770, Security Council

Resolution 775, Security Council

Resolution 781, Security Council

Resolution 787, Security Council

Resolution 794, Security Council

Resolution 808, Security Council

Resolution 816, Security Council

Resolution 819, Security Council

Resolution 824, Security Council

Resolution 836, Security Council

Resolution 837, Security Council

Resolution 844, Security Council

Resolution 917, Security Council

Resolution 940, Security Council

Resolution 1199, Security Council

Resolution 1244, Security Council

Resolution 1441, Security Council

Richard, Alain

Richburg, Keith

Rifkind, Malcolm

Robinson, Randall

Roosevelt, Franklin D.

Rose, Sir Michael

Royce, Larry

Rubin, James

Rugova, Ibrahim

Rumsfeld, Donald

Russia, Balkan crisis and

 

Sahnoun, Mohamed

Santiago Declaration

Sartre, Patrice

Scheffer, David

Schrager, Stan

Schwarzkopf, Norman

Scowcroft, Brent