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notes

1 The story of Plataea is told in Thucydides 2.1–5.

2 For an overview of the latest scholarship on Greek warfare, see Sabin, van Wees,

and Whitby,
The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare
.

3 Herodotus 5.100–101.

4 Xenophon
Anabasis
5.2.7–27.

5 Diodorus Siculus 11.67.5–11.68.5, 11.73, 11.76, etc.

6 For useful overviews of the history of urban warfare, see Ashworth,
War and the

City
; Dufour,
La guerre
; Antal and Gericke,
City Fights
.

7 On urbanization and the future of urban war, see Desch,
Soldiers in Cities
, 3–5;

Glenn et al., “People Make the City,” xiii; Joes,
Urban Guerrilla Warfare
, 2–3.

8 For surprise in city assaults, see Rusch, “Poliorcetic Assault,” 824–32.

9 For the battlefield archaeology of Olynthos see Lee, “Urban Combat at Olynthos.”

10 On
stasis
, see Lintott,
Violence, Civil Strife, and Revolution
, Gehrke,
Stasis
.

11 Thucydides 3.70–85, 4.46–48.

12 Diodorus Siculus 13.104, 15.57;
Hellenica
Oxyrhynchia
15.2.

13 Arrian 1.7.1.

14 Thucydides 3.72–76.

15 Thucydides 3.34.

16 Diodorus Siculus 11.73–76.

17 Plutarch
Agesilaus
32.

18 Hansen and Nielsen,
Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis
, 4–153, offer an excel-

lent overview of the polis and its characteristics.

19 Thucydides 4.69; Xenophon
Hellenica
5.3.1.

20 Hansen and Nielsen,
Inventory
, 667–8.

21 On Greek walls and the
polis
, see Camp, “Walls and the
Polis
”; Hansen and Nielsen,

Inventory
, 135–37.

22 Thucydides 2.4.5.

23 Xenophon
Hellenica
6.5.9.

24 On Mounichia, see Aristotle
Athenaion Politeia
19.2, and Garland,
Piraeus
, 35–36;

on the Mouseion, see Camp,
Archaeology of Athens
, 166–67, 265. For cities with multiple

strong places, see Aristotle
Politics
1330b5.

25 Plutarch
Dion
41.

26 Herodotus 5.72.

27 Herodotus 5.101.

28 Arrian 1.7.1, 1.7.10.

29 On cross walls (
diateichismata
), see Lawrence,
Greek Aims
, 148–55; Sokolicek, “Zum

Phänomen.”

160 Lee

30 Diodorus Siculus 16.11.2.

31 For the agora as the key to a city, see Aeneas Tacticus 2.1, 3.5, 22.2; Arrian 1.8.6–7;

Polyaenus. 5.5.1.

32 Herodotus 5.100–101.

33 Arrian 1.8.7.

34 Diodorus Siculus 13.104;
Hellenica
Oxyrhynchia
15.2.

35 Xenophon
Hellenica
3.2.27–29.

36 Aeneas Tacticus 30.1–2.

37 Xenophon
Hellenica
3.3.7.

38 Aeneas Tacticus 29.6.

39 Thucydides 3.27.

40 Aeneas Tacticus 3.5.

41 Xenophon
Hellenica
2.4.24, 2.4.33.

42 Xenophon
Hellenica
5.4.8.

43 Xenophon
Hellenica
2.4.27.

44 Thucydides 4.48.

45 Xenophon
Hellenica
6.5.9.

46 Diodorus Siculus 16.19.4.

47 On Greek city planning, see Martin,
L’urbanisme
; Hoepfner and Schwandner,
Haus

und Stadt
.

48 Hoepfner and Schwandner,
Haus und Stadt
, 19–20; Cahill,
Household and City Orga-

nization
, 21–2; Gill, “Hippodamus,” 7–8.

49 Aristotle
Politics
1330b6.

50 Aristotle
Politics
1330b7. For more on Hippodamian planning and Aristotle’s rec-

ommendations, see Cahill,
Household and City Organization
, 15–18.

51 Thucydides 2.3; Aeneas Tacticus 2.1–6.

52 Xenophon
Hellenica
2.4.11.

53 Xenophon
Hellenica
2.4.12–19.

54 Cahill,
Household and City Organization
, 75.

55 For overviews of Greek domestic architecture, see Hoepfner and Schwandner,

Haus und Stadt
; Cahill,
Household and City Organization
.

56 Barry, “Roof Tiles,” provides a thorough discussion of the use of roof tiles in

urban combat.

57 Xenophon
Hellenica
7.1.19.

58 Xenophon
Anabasis
6.5.26–27.

59 Xenophon
Hellenica
4.4.12.

60 Lee, “Urban Combat at Olynthos,” 19–20.

61 Arrian 1.8.7–8; Diodorus Siculus 17.13.

62 Diodorus Siculus 16.20.3–4.

63 Isserlin and du Plat Taylor,
Motya
, 91–92.

64 Diodorus Siculus 16.76.2–3.

65 Plato
Laws
779B.

66 Cahill,
Household and City Organization
, 29.

67 On the topography of Sparta, see Raftopoulou, “New Finds from Sparta,” 127;

Shipley, “Lakedaimon,” 592; Waywell, “Sparta.” For the attack of 370–369, see Xenophon

Urban Warfare 161

Hellenica
6.5.27–31. On the center of town, see Aeneas Tacticus 2.2. Plutarch
Agesilaus
31

mistakenly describes Sparta as having city walls in the fourth century BC.

68 On these Spartan buildings, see Pausanias 3.14.6, 3.16.2, 3.20.2.

69 Aeneas Tacticus 2.2.

70 Xenophon
Hellenica
7.5.11.

71 On discipline, see van Wees,
Greek Warfare
, 108–13. On hoplites in cities, see also

Ober, “Hoplites and Obstacles.”

72 Plutarch
Cleomenes
21.

73 Lee, “Urban Combat at Olynthos,” 15–16.

74 Xenophon 2.4.10–20. On this battle, see also Diodorus Siculus 14.33.1–4; Krentz,

Thirty at Athens
, 90–92, 99–100.

75 Xenophon
Hellenica
2.4.10.

76 Arrian 1.8.7.

77 Athenian cavalry action: Pausanias 1.15.1. See also Habicht,
Athens from Alexander

to Antony
, 74–75.

78 Plutarch
Pyrrhus
32.

79 Camp, “Walls and the Polis,” 47.

80 “Walls of bronze and iron”: Plato
Laws
779b. Aristotle (
Politics
1330b10) wrote, “to

claim that cities do not merit having walls around them . . . is like not having walls for

private houses on the grounds that the inhabitants will become unmanly.”

81 Krentz, “Strategic Culture,” 62–65.

82 Krentz, “Strategic Culture,” 168–70; Rusch, “Poliorcetic Assault.”

83 Plutarch
Agesilaus
31.

84 Polyaenus 4.2.18.

85 Gehrke,
Stasis
, 243–44; Polyaenus 8.68–70.

86 Thucydides 3.74.

87 On the idea of payback, see Tritle,
From Melos to My Lai
, 121–2, 131.

88 Xenophon
Hellenica
2.4.11.

89 Xenophon
Hellenica
7.5.11.

90 Plutarch
Dion
45.

91 For Aeneas’s work in wider historical perspective, see Dufour,
La guerre
, 63–64.

92 For a translation and commentary, see Whitehead,
Aineias the Tactician:
How to

Survive Under Siege
.

93 Aeneas Tacticus 19.1, 22.15.

94 Aeneas Tacticus 1.9, 2.1, 3.5, 22.2–4.

95 Aeneas Tacticus 39.1–2.