Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American Politics (51 page)

25.
New York Times
, October 1, 1903.

26. Ibid., November 3, 1903.

27. Buenker,
Urban Liberalism and Progressive Reform
, p. 122.

28. Richard A. Greenwald,
The Triangle Fire, the Protocols of Peace, and Industrial Democracy in Progressive Era New York
(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2005), p. 417.

29. Werner,
Tammany Hall
, pp. 506–7.

30.
The Reminiscences of Frances Perkins
, p. 240.

31. Frances Perkins,
The Roosevelt I Knew
(New York: Viking Press, 1946), p. 23;
The Reminiscences of Jeremiah T. Mahoney
, p. 63.

32.
The Reminiscences of Frances Perkins
, p. 110.

33. Weiss,
Charles Francis Murphy
, p. 75; Alfred E. Smith,
Up to Now: An Autobiography
(New York: Viking Press, 1929), p. 121.

34. An English-language transcript of
Rerum Novarum
is available on the Vatican website: www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals;
The Reminiscences of Jeremiah T. Mahoney
, p. 195; Margaret O’Brien Steinfels, ed.,
American Catholics, American Culture: Tradition and Resistance
(Lanham, MD: Sheed and Ward, 2004), p. 15.

35.
The Reminiscences of Jeremiah T. Mahoney
, pp. 13, 63.

36. Labor historian Richard A. Greenwald argued that the FIC’s power came from one source: Tammany Hall. See his book
The Triangle Fire
, p. 157.

37. Blaine A. Brownell and Warren E. Stickle, eds.,
Bosses and Reformers
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), p. 27.

38. Riordon,
Plunkitt of Tammany Hall
, p. 28.

39. This account is taken from
The Reminiscences of Frances Perkins
, p. 213.

Ten:
M
URPHY’S
L
AW

1.
New York Telegram
, June 23, 1912.

2.
Official Report of the Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention, 1912
(Chicago: Peterson Linotyping Co., 1912), pp. 2, 6.

3.
New York Times
, June 25, 1912.

4. Ibid., June 28, 1912.

5. Mary B. Bryan, ed.,
The Memoirs of William Jennings Bryan
(Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1925), p. 178.

6.
New York Times
, July 3, 1912.

7. Weiss,
Charles Francis Murphy
, p. 71.

8.
New York Times
, July 30, 1912.

9. Greenwald,
The Triangle Fire
, p. 164.

10.
The Outlook
, May 17, 1913, p. 84.

11. Mahoney mentioned this in several passages of his oral history. See
The Reminiscences of Jeremiah T. Mahoney
, Columbia Center for Oral History, pp. 3, 106, 107, 194.

12. Civic League material from the Kilroe Collection of Tammany Material, Box 26, Columbia University Special Collections.

13. The Sunday baseball controversy was reported in the
New York Times
, March 20, 1918.

14.
New York Times
, June 24, 1913.

15. Ibid., May 3, 1913; April 19, 1913.

16. Robert F. Wesser,
A Response to Progressivism: The Democratic Party and New York Politics: 1902–1918
(New York: New York University Press, 1986), p. 125.

17. Wesser,
A Response to Progressivism
, p. 125.

18.
New York Times
, May 9, 1913.

19. Ibid., October 30, 1913.

20.
New York Tribune
, November 5, 6, 1913.

21.
New York Sun
, November 6, 1913.

22.
The Reminiscences of Frances Perkins,
Columbia Center for Oral History, p. 287.

23.
New York Times
, November 5, 1915.

24.
Debate on the Treaty between Great Britain and Ireland, signed in London on the 6th December, 1921: Sessions 14 December 1921 to 10 January 1922
. Accessed through CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts Edition, January 15, 2013, http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/E900003-001/index.html.

25. David Fitzpatrick,
Harry Boland’s Irish Revolution
(Cork, Ireland: Cork University Press, 2003), p. 266.

26. For more on McKeown, see
New York World
, June 14, 1921. See also Thomas Smith (on Murphy’s behalf) to Bourke Cockran, June 21, 1921, and Bourke Cockran to Murphy, June 28, 1921, Cockran Papers, Box 10, New York Public Library.

27.
Westminster Review
, November 1910, p. 497.

28.
New York Times
, December 9 and 7, 1913.

29. Thomas D. McCarthy to Colonel House, November 16, 1914, Joseph Tumulty Papers, Box 44, Library of Congress.

30.
New York Tribune
, November 5, 1913; Smith,
Up to Now
, p. 139.

31. Slayton,
Empire Statesman
, p. 109.

32.
New York Times
, October 2, 1917.

33.
New York Tribune
, November 7, 1917.

34. Slayton,
Empire Statesman
, p. 111.

35. Alfred Connable and Edward Silverfarb,
Tigers of Tammany Hall: Nine Men Who Ran New York
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967), p. 262.

36.
New York Times
, October 4, 1944.

37. Weiss,
Charles Francis Murphy
, p. 77.

38. For correspondence between Cockran and Murphy on disarmament, see Cockran Papers, Box 5, New York Public Library. For Murphy’s quote and the
Times
’s comment, see
New York Times
, December 27, 1920.

39.
The Reminiscences of Jeremiah T. Mahoney
, p. 46.

40. Murphy’s funeral and Roosevelt’s comment were covered in the
New York Times
, April 26, 1924.

Eleven:
F
RANK AND
A
L

1. Smith to Roosevelt, November 8, 1920; Roosevelt to Smith, November 9, 1920, FDR Family, Business and Personal Papers, Box 5, FDR Library, Hyde Park, NY.

2. Robert K. Murray
, The 103rd Ballot: Democrats and the Disaster in Madison Square Garden
(New York: Harper & Row, 1976), p. 287.

3.
New York Globe
, June 2, 1911.

4.
The Reminiscences of Jeremiah T. Mahoney
, Columbia Center for Oral History, p. 181.

5. For more on the bishops’ proposals, see Joseph M. McShane, “
Sufficiently Radical
”
: Catholicism, Progressivism, and the Bishops’ Program of 1919
(Washington, DC: Catholic University Press, 1986).

6. See Speaker Thaddeus Sweet’s speech in the
Journal of the Assembly of the State of New York, 142nd Session
(Albany: J. B. Lyon Co., 1919), pp. 9–11.

7. See the introduction to
Report of the Reconstruction Commission to Governor Alfred E. Smith on Retrenchment and Reorganization in the State Government
(Albany: J. B. Lyon Co., 1919). For Smith’s remarks, see Henry Moskowitz, ed.,
Progressive Democracy: Addresses and State Papers of Alfred E. Smith
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1928), p. 92.

8.
The Reminiscences of Joseph Proskauer
, Columbia Center for Oral History, p. 5.

9. FDR to Smith, February 4, 1930, FDR Gubernatorial Papers, FDR Library, Hyde Park.

10. Ibid.

11. Smith,
FDR
, p. 78.

12. Ibid., p. 77; Christopher M. Finan,
Alfred E. Smith: The Happy Warrior
(New York: Hill & Wang, 2002), pp. 237–38.

13. Smith,
FDR
, p. 81.

14. This common argument can be seen in Kenneth S. Davis,
FDR: The Beckoning of Destiny, 1882–1928
(New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1972), p. 257.

15.
New York Times
, January 23 and April 1, 1911.

16. For his correspondence on such issues as temperance, Sunday baseball, and Sunday business closings, see FDR’s Senate Papers, Boxes 8 and 9, FDR Library, Hyde Park. Jean Edward Smith noted that several newspapers reported Sullivan’s vote, but none referred to any role that Roosevelt played in summoning Sullivan to the floor. The
Senate Journal
, as Smith notes, recorded only votes, not the debate. Smith concluded that Howe’s version was false. See Smith,
FDR
, p. 82.

17. FDR to Smith, September 15, 1922, FDR Family, Business and Personal Papers, Box 5, FDR Library, Hyde Park.

18. Perkins,
The Roosevelt I Knew
, p. 13.

19. Ibid.; Memo, July 7, 1938, President’s Personal File 290, FDR Papers; Frank Freidel,
Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny
(New York: Little, Brown, 1990), p. 533.

20. Quoted in J. Joseph Huthmacher
, Senator Robert F. Wagner and the Rise of Urban Liberalism
(New York: Atheneum, 1971), p. 137. Huthmacher, who coined the term
urban liberalism
to describe the ideology of machine politicians during the Progressive Era, makes it clear that Murphy exerted tremendous influence over Wagner during the latter’s formative years. (Huthmacher did not identify the political figure he quoted.)

21. See, for example, Freidel,
Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny
, p. 537.

22.
New York Times
, December 3, 1898.

23.
New York Sun
,
New York Times
, July 5, 1917.

24. For comments by The McManus and Walker, see Frank Freidel,
Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Apprenticeship
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1952), p. 373.

25. See FDR to Smith, October 14, 1918, and Smith to FDR, October 19, 1918, Family, Business and Personal Papers, Box 5, FDR Library, Hyde Park. Frank Freidel argued that FDR’s enthusiasm for Smith was lukewarm at best, but he did not mention FDR’s offer to speak on Smith’s behalf, a generous gesture in a tight election. See Freidel,
Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Apprenticeship
, p. 370, fn.

26. James Canneron Jr., “Al Smith—Catholic, Tammany, Wet,”
The Nation
, July 4, 1928.

27. Franklin D. Roosevelt,
The Happy Warrior: Alfred E. Smith
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1928), pp. 7–8.

28. Davis,
FDR: The Beckoning of Destiny, 1882–1928
, p. 610.

29.
New York Tribune
, September 14, 1913. Historians Richard Hofstadter and Otis L. Graham Jr. noted that some progressives who were active during the Wilson years came to regard Roosevelt’s New Deal as an “outrageous departure from everything they had known and valued,” in Hofstader’s words, leading them to conclude that “overpowering alien influences” were to blame for the “subversion” of the progressive agenda. See Hofstadter,
The Age of Reform
(New York: Vintage Books, 1955), pp. 303–4. See also Graham Jr.,
The Old Progressives and the New Deal
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1967).

30. Madison Grant
, The Passing of the Great Race
(New York: Scribner’s, 1922), p. 5.

31. For more on Cotillo, see Thomas M. Henderson, “Immigrant Politician: Salvatore Cotillo, Progressive Ethnic,”
International Migration Review
, vol. 13, no. 1 (Spring 1979).

32. John Devoy, leader of New York’s Irish nationalist community from 1871 until his death in 1928, challenged Senator John Sharp Williams of Mississippi when Williams complained about the political agendas of hyphenated Americans in 1911. “Aren’t the Anglo-Saxons hyphenated?” Devoy asked. See Devoy’s account of the meeting in the
Gaelic American
newspaper, March 1, 1924.

33. William Bourke Cockran to Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society of America, April 27, 1921, Cockran Papers, Box 10; see also undated speech, Cockran Papers, Box 30, New York Public Library.

34.
New York Times
, March 9, 1924.

35. Ibid., April 19, 1924; Edward Flynn to Eleanor Roosevelt, March 23, 1943, President’s Official File, 1892, Box 2, FDR Library, Hyde Park.

36. Clip from the
Fellowship Forum
, n.d. [1928], Private Papers of Alfred E. Smith, Box 1, New York State Library.
Time
magazine noted that in 1928, when Smith was a presidential candidate, the
Fellowship Forum
“showed a greater increase in gross revenue than any other U.S. publication.” See
Time,
November 12, 1928.

37. Tumulty to Smith, April 24, 1924, Joseph Tumulty Papers, Box 74, Library of Congress.

38.
New York Times
, April 26, 1924.

39. Ibid., April 27, 1924.

40. See Babe Ruth to FDR, May 9, 1924, Papers Pertaining to the Campaign of 1924, FDR Library, Hyde Park.

41.
New York Tribune
, June 27, 1924.

42. Murray,
The 103rd Ballot
, p. 145;
New York Times
, October 23 and November 4, 1923; June 24, 1924.

43. Murray,
The 103rd Ballot
, p. 159.

44.
New York Times
on July 3, 1924, presented a transcript of Bryan’s speech. It does not include the phrase “you do not represent the future of this country.” The phrase has been attributed to Bryan in several books, including Slayton,
Empire Statesman
, p. 214, and Oscar Handlin,
Al Smith and His America
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1958), p. 123.

45. Smith,
Up to Now
, p. 338.

46. See pamphlet by Evans in the Official Papers of Alfred E. Smith, Folder 200–341, New York State Archives, Albany, NY. Smith kept a large file of material relating to the Klan.

47. Undated clip from the
New York World
, Official Papers of Alfred E. Smith, Folder 200-4-2, New York State Archives, Albany, NY.

48. FDR to Smith, December 29, 1925, FDR Family, Business and Personal Papers, Box 5, FDR Library, Hyde Park.