Life in a Medieval Village (31 page)

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AD CENSUM
Status of villeins who pay a cash rent in lieu of labor services.

AD OPUS
Status of villeins owing labor services.

AMERCEMENT
Fine.

ASSART
Tract of wasteland cleared or drained to be added to village arable.

ASSIZE OF BREAD AND ALE
Royal law fixing prices and standards.

BAILIFF
The lord’s chief official on the manor.

BALK
Turf left unplowed to provide separation between strips.

BEADLE
Manorial official, usually assistant to reeve.

BONDMAN
Serf, q.v., villein.

BOON-WORK
Obligation of tenants for special work services, notably the lord’s harvest.

BYLAWS
Rules made by open-field villagers governing cultivation and grazing.

CELLARER
Official of a monastery responsible for food supplies.

CENSUARIUS
Tenant
ad censum.

CHARTER
Official document, usually deed or grant of privilege.

CHEVAGE
Payment, typically in kind, owed annually by villein living outside the manor.

CORRODY
Old age pension, usually purchasable from a monastery, consisting of lodging, food, and incidentals.

COTTER
Tenant of a cottage, usually holding little or no land.

CROFT
Garden plot of a village house.

CURIA
Courtyard.

CUSTUMAL
Document listing obligations and rights of tenants.

DEMESNE
Part of the manor cultivated directly by the lord.

DISTRAINT
Summons or arrest.

ESSOIN
Excuse for non-attendance in court, or delay permitted a defendant.

EXTENT
Document enumerating lands, services, and rents of a manor.

EYRE
Royal circuit court (“justices in eyre”).

FARM
Lease.

FEE, FIEF
Land granted by a lord in return for services.

FEUDALISM
Medieval social and political system by which the lord-vassal relationship was defined.

FRANKPLEDGE
Police system by which every member of a tithing was responsible for the conduct of every other member.

FURLONG
Plot of arable land, subdivision of a field.

GERSUM
Entry fee for taking possession of a tenancy.

GLEBE
Land assigned to support the parish church.

GORE
Wedge of arable land created by irregularity of terrain and plowing in strips.

HALLMOTE
Manorial court.

HAMSOKEN
Assault in the victim’s own house.

HAYWARD OR MESSOR
Lesser manorial official; assistant to reeve.

HEADLAND
Segment of land left at end of plow strips for turning plow around.

HERIOT
Death duty, usually “best beast” or other chattel, paid to lord.

HEUSHIRE
House rent.

HIDE
Tax assessment unit of land area, varying in size, theoretically 120 acres.

HUE-AND-CRY
Criminal apprehension system by which all within earshot were required to give chase to the malefactor.

HUNDRED
Administrative division of English shire (county).

INFANGENETHEF
Right to prosecute thieves caught in the act within a territory and to confiscate their goods.

LEIRWITE
Fine levied against an unmarried woman for sexual misconduct.

LOVE-DAY
(DIES AMORIS)
Opportunity given litigants to reconcile differences.

MANOR
Estate consisting of lord’s demesne and tenants’ holdings.

MERCHET
Fee paid by villein for a daughter’s marriage.

MESSUAGE
House and yard.

MORTUARY
Death duty paid by villein to parish church, usually second-best beast or chattel.

MULTURE
Portion of meal or flour kept by the miller in payment for his services.

PANNAGE
Fee to allow pigs to feed on forest mast.

PINFOLD
OR
PUNFOLD
The lord’s pound for stray animals.

PLEDGING
Legal institution by which one villager served as guaranty for another’s court appearance, veracity, good conduct, payment of a debt, etc.

QUARTER
Unit of volume, eight bushels.

REEVE
Principal manorial official under the bailiff, always a villein.

RING
Unit of volume, four bushels.

SEISIN
Legal possession of a property.

SELION
Plow strip.

SERF
Peasant burdened with week-work, merchet, tallage, and other obligations; bondman, villein.

STEWARD OR SENESCHAL
Chief official of an estate, supervisor of the lord’s manors.

SUIT
Attendance.

TALLAGE
Annual tax levied by lord on villeins.

TALLY, TALLY-STICK
Reeve’s method of accounting for manor’s production, deliveries, receipts, and expenditures; notched stick on which it was kept.

TITHE
Payment to church consisting of a tenth of produce.

TITHING
Unit of ten or twelve village men mutually responsible for each other’s conduct.

TOFT
Yard of a village house.

VILLEIN
English term for serf.

VIRGATE
Land unit theoretically sufficient to support a peasant family, varying between 18 and 32 acres (in Elton, 24).

WARDENS OF AUTUMN
Officials appointed by the villagers to help supervise harvest work.

WARDSHIP
Right of guardianship exercised by a lord over a minor.

WEEK-WORK
Principal labor obligation of a villein, comprising plowing and other work every week throughout the year.

WOODWARD
Manorial official in charge of the lord’s woodland.

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(
References to illustrations are in italics.
)

Abbot’s Ripton, 46, 64, 109, 134, 149, 160

abjuring the realm, 192-93

Abovebrook, Henry, 84, 97, 181

Abovebrook, John, 85, 175, 178, 186

Abovebrook, Matilda, 182

Achard, Hugh, 179

acre, variations in, 47

adultery, 116-17, 182

Aethelwin, ealdorman of Kent, 24

Aetheric, bishop of Dorchester, 24-27, 29, 156

agriculture

Anglo-Saxon, 21-22

Bronze Age, 8-9, 19

Iron Age, 9-11, 19

open field, see open field system

Roman, 11-12

Romano-British, 19-20, 21-22

akermen (bovarii),
78

ale, 22, 94, 96, 103-4, 140, 153, 182-83, 206

ale tasters, 57, 83-84, 152, 180, 182-83

Alexander III, pope, 114, 156, 157

Alfred the Great, king, 23-24

Andrew, Prudence, 86

Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle,
22-23

Anglo-Saxon invasion of England, 21-22

Angulo, Alice in, 84, 85

Angulo, Geoffrey in, 84, 111, 187

Angulo, Hugh in, 84, 113

Angulo, Muriel in, 85

Angulo, Richard in, 139

archeology, role of, 4-5, 8-9, 31

assarting, 15, 64, 243

Ault, Warren, 140-41, 142

Avebury (Wiltshire), 39

Bacon, Roger, 158

bailiff, 49, 51-53, 150, 184, 243

Baker, Alan R. H., 201

bakers, 39, 79, 149, 150

Ball, John, 198, 199

ban (monopoly), 48, 77

baptism, 117-19, 156

barley, 9, 11, 16, 17, 55,60, 94, 95, 137, 140, 141, 153

Barnet (Hertfordshire), 124

barns, 37-38

Barnwell, William of, 79, 177

Battle Abbey, 94

Bayeux Tapestry, 17

beadle (hayward or messor), 56-57, 83-84, 93, 243

Bedfordshire, 20, 103-5, 108, 125-26, 173

beer,
see
ale

Bellamy, John, 192

benefit of clergy, 192

Bennett, H. S., 97

Benyt, Reginald, 132, 188

Benyt, Richard, 76, 84-85, 187

Beresford, Maurice, 4, 132

Bersu, Gerhard, 4

Birmingham, 203

Blaccalf, John, 78, 180

Blaccalf, Ralph, 188

Black Death, 98, 110, 124, 196-97, 201, 204

Blackstone, William, 140-41

Blakeman, Athelina, 85, 116

Blakeman, Richard, 181

Bloch, Marc, 49, 206

Blundel, Geoffrey, 70, 74

boon (bene), 42, 55, 58, 87, 101, 139-40, 144, 199, 243

Boothby Pagnell (Lincolnshire), 54

Bowerchalk (Wiltshire), 147

Bracton, Henry de, 67-68

Bradford-on-Avon (Wiltshire),
23, 33, 38

Brancaster (Norfolk), 109

branding, 62, 147

Braudel, Fernand, 142

Bray, Henry de, 44, 64-65

bread, 48, 94-95, 140, 153

brewing, 57, 152-53, 178, 182-83

regulation of, 57, 178, 182-83

bride ale, 115

Brington, Geoffrey, 135

Brington, Reginald, 84

Britton, Edward, 83, 84, 110, 117, 186

Broughton (Huntingdonshire), 42, 56, 73, 83, 84, 110, 117, 140, 160, 168, 173, 186, 188

burial, 128, 156

Burton Agnes (Humberside), 52,
53

butchers, 79

Butser Ancient Farm Project, 9

bylaws, 132-33, 141, 142, 148, 173, 183, 204, 243

Cambridgeshire, 2, 69, 173

Carlton (Nottinghamshire), 101

carpenter, 149, 151

carrying services, 42, 46

Carter, Margery, 108, 116

carts, 135, 142

cellarer, 50, 93, 243

Celtic fields, 9

censuarii
(tenants
ad censum),

75, 76, 87, 243

Ceowulf, Anglo-Saxon thegn, 23

Chalgrave (Bedfordshire), 108, 109-10

champion husbandry,
see
open

field system

Chapelot, Jean, 8, 13

Chapleyn, Aldusa, 89

Chapman, Joan, 86

Chapman, John, 80, 86

Chapman, Robert, 70, 74, 79, 86, 183

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 56, 78, 86, 157-58

Chausey, Thomas, 81, 181

chevage, 42, 76-77, 178, 196, 199, 243

Chichester, bishop of, 183

Child, Reginald, 87, 178, 183

Child, William, 84

childbirth, 117-18

children, 117-20,206

feelings toward, 119-20

naming of, 119

Christmas, 100

church, parish, 3, 30, 41, 50, 159-61, 162-63, 192

architecture of, 162-63, 200

in Elton, 3, 39, 42, 200

furnishings of, 163

murals in, 168-69

revenues of, 159-61

services in, 164-65

churchyard, 41, 102, 128, 163-64

Clare, Bogo de, 157

Clark, Elaine, 124

claviger (macebearer), 51, 144, 184-85

clerk of the account, 50, 55, 56, 174

Cnut, king, 26

communitas villae
(community of the vill or village), 7

compurgation (oath helping), 177, 188-89

confession, 169-70

copyhold tenure, 199

coroner, royal, 190-91, 192

coroner’s court, 190-91

rolls of, 34, 103-5, 119-20

corrody, 125, 244

costume, 98-99, 206

cotters, 77, 78, 143-44, 152, 244

Coulton, G. G., 116

Council of Trent, 115

Court Baron,
175-77, 180

courts

Church, 116-17, 182, 189-90

royal, 189-93

(
see also
coroner’s court, eyres, honor court, manorial court [hallmote])

cows, 22, 61, 142-43, 145, 149

craftsmen, 71, 77, 78-79, 149-53, 202-3

itinerant, 152-53

Crane, Goscelyna, 86

Cranfield (Bedfordshire), 123-24

crime, 103-5, 180, 189-93

croft, 34, 35, 41, 244

Cromwell, Richard, 204

crop rotation, 14-15, 131

crops, 9, 11, 16, 17, 22, 55, 60-61, 65, 94, 131, 137-38, 203

Cross, Alexander atte, 54, 84, 90, 97, 113, 139-40

Cross, Alice daughter of Robert atte, 85

Cross, Robert atte, 85, 133

cruck construction, 33-34, 90

Cuxham (Oxfordshire), 107

Dacus, 26, 31, 156

dairy production, 22, 62

Danish invasion of England, 22-23

Daye, John, 34, 109

death, 126-27

demesne, 11, 17, 31,47, 58, 71, 130, 244

deodand, 191

deserted villages, 4-5, 31, 200-201

De Windt, Anne, 81-82

De Windt, Edwin, 83

diet, 93-98, 139-40, 206

disease,
see
sickness “Dissolution” of the monasteries, 201-2, 204

Ditchley (Oxfordshire), 13

“Divided Horsecloth,” 123

divorce, 117

Dodwell, Barbara, 28

Domesday Book, 30-31, 68, 69, 136, 156, 195

dovecotes, 38, 39,
40,
151

dowry, 111, 112

dress,
see
costume

drunkenness, 103-4

Duby, Georges, 46, 69, 94, 198, 200

Dunning, John (John Tanner), 70, 76, 152

Durobrivae, 20-21, 24

Dyer, Christopher, 203

Dyer, Thomas, 48, 79

dyers, 79, 98

Easter, 101

Edward I, king, 191, 192, 197

Edward II, king, 197

Edward III, king, 197-98

Ellington (Huntingdonshire), 124

Elton (Huntingdonshire), 1, 2, 3, 5, 24, 30-41, 42-43, 45, 46, 47,48,51-53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60-61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 69-87, 88-89, 91, 93, 99, 100, 101, 102, 108, 109, 111-12, 116, 117, 121, 133-34, 135, 137, 138, 147, 149-53, 156, 160-61, 173, 174, 177-79, 180-88, 191, 196-97, 199

acquired by Ramsey Abbey, 24-27

in Black Death, 196-97

Elton (Huntingdonshire) in Domesday Book, 30-31

fields of, 41, 129-31

modern, 2-3, 205

origin of name of, 24

plan of, 31-42 (map, 32)

population of, 2, 42

in Tudor era, 204-5

Elton, John of, 40, 72, 73, 85-86, 89-90, 149, 178-79

Elton, Philip of, 55

Elton Hall, 3, 39-40, 204-5

emigration from villages, 152

enclosure movement, 4, 200-201, 204, 205

entry fine
(gersum),
108, 112, 199, 244

Ermine Street, 20, 27

essoins, 178, 244

estate management, 47, 40-58

treatises on, 49-50, 62

exemplum, sermon, 166-167

Exeter, dean of, 158

Eynsham Abbey, 161

eyres (circuit courts), 190, 244

fairs, 42, 48

Faith, Rosamond, 107

family, 106-8, 110-20, 122-26

autonomy of, 106-7

cycle, 106

size of, 106

famine, 98, 195-96, 203, 204

famuli,
58-59, 195

Feddersen Wierde, West Germany, 13

felony, 190-92

fertilizer, 16, 17, 35, 137

feudalism, 17-18, 27-29, 45, 244

field systems, 9, 10,
13,
15-16, 41

infield-outfield, 131

multifield, 131

Roman,
13
, 20

three-field, 131-32

two-field, 131-32

Finberg, H. P. R., 22

food, see diet

Fossier, Robert, 8, 13

Fourth Lateran Council (1215), 114, 157

frankpledge, 179-80, 204-5, 244

view of, 179-80, 204-5

Fraunceys, Henry, 188

Fraunceys, John, 177

freedom, concept of, 67-69, 73, 152, 205-6

Freeman, Elias, 110-11

friars, mendicant, 166

fruit, 11, 96

fullers, 149, 150

funerals, 127-28

furlong, 15, 41, 47, 129-31, 244

furniture, 93

Gamel, Geoffrey, 139

Gamel, Gilbert, 187

Gamel, Robert, 76, 80, 84

Gamel, Roger, 84, 183

gang-days (Rogation Days), 18, 101, 163

Gate, Margery atte, 112

Gate, Muriel atte, 111

geese,
40,
149

Gerald of Wales, 158, 159, 161

Gibson, Edmund, 201

Glastonbury Abbey, 37, 97, 100, 133, 202

gleaning, 132, 140-41

glebe, 160-61, 244

goats, 22, 149

Godswein, Henry, 85

gore (wedge of land), 130-31, 244

Goscelin, Richer son of, 87

Goscelin, Roger, 84

Gower, John, 98

Gratian, 114

grazing rights, 132-33, 142-43

Great Raveley (Huntingdonshire), 127

green, village, 36, 39, 41-42

Greenway dispute, 184-85

Gregory III, pope, 59

Grosseteste, Robert, bishop of Lincoln, 49, 57-58, 61-62, 64, 127

Hale (Lincolnshire), 161

Hallam, H. E., 97

hallmote, see manorial court

hamsoken, 180, 244

hanging, 191, 193

harboring strangers, 80

harrow, 135

harrowing, 62

Hatcher, John, 7, 69

hay, 9, 65, 138-39, 144, 196-97

haying dispute, 144

Healdene, Viking leader, 23

hearth, central, 91, 92

Hemmingford Abbot’s (Huntingdonshire), 109

Henry III, king, 197

Henry VIII, king, 201, 204

Hering, John, 86, 178, 183, 186-87

heriot, 76, 108, 109-10, 124, 199, 244

Hermite, Andrew L’, 188

heushire, 76, 245

hide (land measure), 31, 245

Hilton, Rodney H., 42, 68, 141-42, 145

holidays, 93, 99-2, 206

Holywell (Huntingdonshire), 47, 121, 140, 159, 160

Homans, George C., 48-49, 183, 185

homicide, 86, 190-91

honor court, 42, 73, 188

horse, 16-17, 59, 83, 136

horse collar, 16-17, 136

Hosbonderie,
148, 149

houses, 11, 1
2,
14,
20, 21, 22,
31-34, 88-93, 200, 206

construction of, 33-34, 89-90

hall, 89

heating of, 91

interiors of, 91-93

rebuilding of, 88-89

size of, 34

types of, 11, 14,
35

Howard, Katherine, 204

Howell, Cicely, 97

hue-and-cry, 180-81, 192, 245

hundred, 27, 245

Hundred Rolls survey of 1279, 31, 42, 64, 70, 72-74, 77-78

Hundred Years War, 197-98

Huntingdon, 42, 52

Huntingdonshire, 1, 2, 19-21, 27, 42, 43, 133, 173, 201, 203

Hurst, John, 4

Iceni Village, 12

infangenethef, 190, 244

inheritance, 15, 73, 107-8

irrigation, 12, 203

Ivel, River, 20

Ives, Saint, 29

jurors, 83-84, 173-74, 184-85, 188-89

Ketel, John, 81, 85, 109

Kibworth Harcourt, 97

King’s Ripton (Huntingdonshire), 46, 81-82, 111

Kosminsky, E. A., 72, 97-98

labor services, 53, 74-75, 133-35, 154, 183, 196-97

Lane, Henry in the, 130

Lane, Richard in the, 76

Lanercost Chronicle,
162

Langetoft, Allotta of, 187

Langetoft, Isabel daughter of Allota of, 48

Langetoft, John of, 73, 86, 178-79

Langland, William, 99, 114

Laslett, Peter, 203

lay subsidies, 82, 197-98

Leicester Abbey, 183, 184

leirwite,
76,85, 116, 182, 244

leprosy, 121

Liber Gersumarum,
112-13

life expectancy, 121

Lincolnshire, 69

livestock, 9, 16, 22, 34, 38, 48, 54, 55, 62, 82-83, 136, 145-47

London, 34, 42

longhouse, 11,
12,
14

lord, 44-49,62-66, 88, 111, 154, 172, 183-86, 188-89, 195, 196, 205

capital investments of, 64-65

ecclesiastical, 45

income of, 46-49, 57-58, 64-66

lay, 44-45

life-style of, 46

privileges of, 47-48

roles of, 46-48, 196

love-day
(dies amoris),
178, 244

Luttrell Psalter,
102

maintenance contracts, 108, 122-26

Maitland, Frederic, 68

malt, 22, 38

Manning, Robert, 102, 114, 115-16, 118, 122-23, 126, 161-62, 164-65

manor, 17-18, 27, 67

definition of, 17, 244