Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children From Nature-Deficit Disorder (49 page)

New Urbanism,
284
,
311

New York State

Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC),
214
–215

Division of Criminal Justice Services,
127

New York State trout-in-the classroom program,
214
–215

New York Times
,
204
,
249
,
260

Nicholson, Simon,
87

Nixon, Will,
210

Nolen, John,
266
–267

Norman, Seth,
296

North American Association for Environmental Education,
219

Northern Arizona University,
148

Northwestern University,
22
–23

Norway,
48
,
221

Oberlin College, Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies,
257
–258

obesity,
31
–32,
47
–48,
100
,
117
,
128
,
265

O’Brien, Karyl T.,
153
–156

Observer, The
,
25

Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition (OVEC),
312
–313

oil, dependence on Middle East,
311

Olympic National Forest,
131

Oregon trail system (the Loop),
257

Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development,
204

organ transplants,
22

Orians, Gordon,
46
–47

Orion Society,
210
,
211

Orlando Sentinel Tribune
,
265

Orr, David,
223
–224,
277

outdoor play,
33
–35,
47
–49,
179
–180

creativity fostered by,
7
,
55
,
86
–98

criminalization of unstructured natural play,
27
–32,
237

cultural influences on,
117
–118

“environmental sacrifice zones,”
240

experiential, environment-based education,
138
,
139
–145,
203
–234

facing fears of,
178
–188

friendships and,
51
,
78
–79

future environmentalists and unstructured,
150
–156

green urban design,
261
–267

in green vs. built spaces,
87
–88

liability concerns,
see
litigation, fear of organized sports,
see
sports, organized in previous generations,
11
,
12

research on de-naturing of childhood,
31
–35

in rural areas,
34
–35

safety concerns of parents,
see
parents, safety concerns of sensory awareness and,
66

therapeutic value of,
53

Outward Bound USA,
230

Page, Margot,
191

Panama-Pacific International Exposition of 1915,
62

parents

backyard nature, introducing,
170
–175

dealing with fears,
178
–188

enthusiasm of,
163
–166

fear of nature,
123
,
130
–132

fear of strangers,
123
,
124
–129,
171
,
183
–186

parent-child attachment,
157
–158

safety concerns of,
13
,
116
,
123
–132

time use, modeling of,
118

work demands on,
119
–120

parks,
120
,
277

company advertising logos on,
62

design,
54
,
179
,
240

environmental rules restricting outdoor play in,
239
–240

national,
130
,
131
,
147
–150

public health and,
109

urban,
18
,
116
,
247
–248,
256
,
260
,
261
–262,
269
–270,
274

see also
green design of urban areas

Pediatric Nursing
,
132

Pediatrics
,
120

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA),
155
,
195

Pergams, Oliver,
148

Pertschuk, Michael,
310

pets,
45
,
297

physical education,
99
–100

physical fitness,
11

Pipher, Mary,
228

Planning
,
258

play,
163

children’s descriptions of,
118

at fast-food restaurants,
132

indoor for-profit play centers,
116

outdoor,
see
outdoor play

Polikov, Scott,
262

Portland, Oregon,
256
–257

Portland State University,
257

Potter, Beatrix,
92

President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports,
132

Price, Jennifer,
248

primary experience,
65
,
66
,
67

Project Learning Tree,
218

Project WILD,
218

Prozac,
50

Psychiatric Services
,
49

public schools,
2

curricula of,
136
–137,
216
–218

ecoschools,
218
–222,
253
,
311

environmental education in,
134
–135

experiential, environment-based education in,
138

natural school reform,
203
–234

recess in,
99

testing in,
204

Puget Sound Environmental Learning Center,
231
–232

Pyle, Robert Michael,
68
,
77
–78,
146
,
173
,
210
,
256

Quakers’ Friends Hospital, Pennsylvania,
45

Rails to Trails Conservancy,
311

Raleigh
News and Observer
,
301

ranches, “schooling” on,
221

Raven, Nick,
20
–21,
24

Ravitch, Diane,
137

recreational use statutes,
237
–238

Reed, Edward,
65

regional strategies for green design,
264
–267

renewable energy programs,
259

residential regulations, outdoor play and,
2
,
27
–29,
30
–31,
237

Reviving Ophelia
(Pipher),
228

Richtel, Matt,
62

Rick, John,
27
–28,
31
,
79
–80,
136
–137

Ritalin (methylphenidate),
101
,
169

Riverkeeper,
199

River Runs Through It, A
(Maclean),
191

Rivkin, Mary,
218
–219

Robert Redford building, Santa Monica,
258

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation,
32
,
311

Rogers, Fred,
306

Rogers, Will,
265

Roger Tory Peterson Institute of Natural History,
209
–210

romanticizing nature,
16
,
24
,
142
,
296

Roosevelt, Eleanor,
91
–92

Roosevelt, Theodore,
17
–18,
152
,
197

Roszak, Theodore,
44
,
147

rural areas

back-to-the-land movement,
274
–287,
313

development of,
272

green towns in,
283
–287

outdoor play in,
34
–35

Rush, Dr. Benjamin,
45

Rushin, Steve,
99

Rutgers University,
275

safety

adult supervision and,
179
–180

dealing with fears,
178
–188

hyperawareness in nature and,
180
–183

parental concerns about,
13
,
116
,
123
–132

risk-taking in nature,
186
–188

Sala, Enric,
225

Salahuddin, Rasheed,
145

Sallis, James,
32
–33

Sandia National Laboratories,
22

San Diego, California,
267
–269,
314

San Diego County school districts,
138

San Diego Park and Recreation Department,
269

San Francisco Bay Area,
243
,
261
–262

San Francisco
(magazine),
102

San Francisco Chronicle
,
261
–262

Santostefano, Sebastiano,
53

Schad, Jerry,
130
–131,
163
–166

Scheehan, Lauren,
205

Schmidt, Brian,
243

Schmitt, Elizabeth,
83

School and Society
(Dewey),
203

Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe,
198

Schoolyard Habitats,
218
,
311

Science
,
23

Scientia Marina
,
225

Scouting organizations,
14
,
153
–156,
159
,
193
–194

Seattle Post-Intelligencer
,
231
–232

Seattle Times
,
131

Sedbrook, Judy,
174
–175

sedentary lifestyle,
31
,
32
,
47
,
48
,
49

Seegar, Nancy,
258

self-confidence, instilling,
180
–183,
185
,
186
,
228
–229,
230

self-esteem,
229
,
230

senses, awareness of and use of,
7
,
8
–9,
55
,
57
–70,
75
–76,
180
,
186
–187

diminished use,
57
–59

experiential education,
139
–145,
174
–175,
203
–234

naturalist intelligence and,
73
–79

Shelters, Shacks, and Shanties
(Beard),
15
–16

Shuston, Aletha,
169

shyness,
128
–129

Sierra Club,
152
–153,
240
,
302

Simas, Ambrose,
29

Simon, Paul,
60

Simpson, Alan,
241

Sioux Falls, South Dakota,
283

Sipple, Bill,
198

Skate Park Association of the USA,
240

Skolans Uterum,
218

sleep,
120

Smith, Jane,
141

Snyder, Gary,
8
,
272
–273,
309

Sobel, David,
133
,
134
,
135
,
187
–188,
207
,
208
–209,
240
,
263

social standing, play setting and,
88

Society for Ecological Research,
219

solitude,
51

South Florida Sun-Sentinel
,
241

Spacks, Patricia Meyer,
168

“spirit of place,”
96

spiritual health, contact with nature and,
3
,
110
,
291
–306

Spiritual Life of Children, The
(Cole),
293

Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association,
83

sports, organized,
31
,
48
,
116
,
117
,
182
,
183
,
247

Square Foot Gardening Foundation,
217

Square Foot Gardening
(Bartholomew),
216

State Education and Environmental Roundtable,
206

State University of New York at Buffalo,
62

Stebbins, Robert,
139
–140

Stegner, Wallace,
152

Stephens, Leslie,
78
–79,
182
–183

Stepner, Mike,
268

Stoecklin, Vicki,
262

Stoliar, Joan,
214
–215

strangers, fear of,
123
,
124
–129,
171
,
183
–186

stress, therapeutic value of nature and,
35
,
47
,
50
–51,
163

Student Conservation Association,
230

suburbia,
284

green design of,
250
–270

lack of natural play areas in,
25
,
117

synthetic nature in,
19
,
25
–26

wild animals in,
24
–25,
249
–250

Sullivan, William C.,
105
–106

summer camp,
2
,
170
,
227
–234

Sunnyvale, California,
263

Superchild syndrome,
121

Swallowtail School,
205
–206

Sweden,
48
,
49
,
120

green urbanism in,
252
,
253

synthetic nature,
60
–61

Tanner, Thomas,
150

Taoism,
45

Target,
259
–260

Taylor, Andrea Faber,
88
–89,
105
–106,
108
,
110
,
229
,
312