Kate Berridge (44 page)

Cruickshank, George, 294; London Fashion Plates, 268; cartoon of MT,
307

Crystal Palace, 316

culture: democratization, 20–1, 30; and waxworks, 24; France, elite and popular, 30; England, elite and popular, 289, 316, 319;
see also
popular culture

current affairs,
see
news and current affairs

Curtius, Dr Philippe Guillaume Mathé, 4–5, 10, 26,
107
, 160–1

character: 160–1; passion for fashion, 23–4; as royalist, 127

contacts: with Bertin, 23–4; hospitality to philosophers, 51–2; Benjamin Franklin, 54; Houdon, 54; alleged visits from French royal family, 61; hospitality to politicians, 101, 125; alleged agreement with Sanson, 141; support for Philipstal, 145–6

personal life: as native of Berne, 10; move to Paris, 11–12, 13; possible relationship to Mme Tussaud, 11, 12, 161; first residence in Paris, 15; as teacher of MT, 34, 49, 50, 55–6, 160, 162, 237; affluence in Paris, 51; as trader in fine art, 51; as tenant of Duc d'Orléans, 84; eclipse of fame by MT, 95; in Bastille siege, 106–7; and first event of French Revolution, 106; in National Guard, 106–7,
107
; as
vainqueur de la Bastille
, 107–8; inheritance claim in Mayence, 110, 130, 160; political and military responsibilities in Revolution, 124, 130, 161; death, 160

professional life: wax miniatures, 10–11, 57; production of erotic tableaux, 11–12; adaptability, 13, 21, 24, 26, 122–3; early example of wax models, 15; criteria for choice of wax models, 21, 29–30, 79; success as entrepreneur, 23–4, 80–1, 111, 162; at Paris fairs, 25–7; exhibition in Salon de Cire, 26; choice of subjects for waxworks, 28–9; skill in portraying likeness, 29; immunity from censorship, 31; monopoly on waxworks, 44; workshop in Paris, 54–5; work in art exhibitions, 57; exploitation of image of royal family, 79; risqué figures, 80; lack of respect for royal family in waxworks, 88–9; closing of Palais-Royal exhibition, 95, 96, 101; concentration on Boulevard du Temple exhibition, 95; response to change in fashion, 95, 122; wax models used in demonstrations, 103; wax heads displayed in London in 1789, 110–11;

Voltaire model, 128; failure to commemorate execution of Louis XVI,

144–5; visits to cemeteries to model heads, 152; export of royal models, 155

Curtius's Grand Cabinet of Curiosities, 169–70

Custine, General Delphine de, 158, 161

 

Daguerre, Louis-Jacques Mandé: diorama, 263

Danton, Georges, 93, 126, 128, 138, 157; appearance, MT on, 126

Darwin, Charles, 262

Dauphin of France, 141; death, 166–7; wax model, 170

David, Jacques-Louis: revolutionary festivals and rituals, 120–1, 127–8, 159; MT on, 128; use of wax models in festivals, 128; oil painting of death of Marat,
Marat Assassiné
, 146, 147,
148
, 149–50; Marat's funeral, 147; wax copies of works, 150; visit to MT's exhibition, 175; original paintings at Madame Tussaud's, 319

Davy, Sir Humphrey: on British Museum, 281

death masks: MT's possible purchase of, 240;
see also
modelling by MT of death masks and guillotined heads deaths: MT's capitalization on public interest in, 235–6;
see also
Chamber of Horrors; murderers

decapitation: and French Revolution, 94–5; as democratic, 131;
see also
guillotine

demonstrations
see
social unrest

Derby: MT in, 228; execution of Brandreth, 237

Derby Mercury
, 146, 228, 239

Desmoulins, Camille, 102–3, 157

Despard, Colonel: wax model, 189–90

Desrues, Antoine François (murderer and hermaphrodite), 27–8

Dickens, Charles:
A Tale of Two Cities
, 116; on Chamber of Horrors, 146, 268–9; Mrs Salmon's waxworks in novels, 184;
David Copperfield
, 184; Sarah Beffen in novels, 220;
Little Dorrit
, 220;
Nicholas Nickleby
, 220;
The Old Curiosity Shop
, 220, 232, 265, 270; comparison with MT, 263–5;
Pickwick Papers
, 263, 264;
Sketches by Boz
, 263; on MT, 269, 270–2, 314; patronage of MT, 269; omission from Tussaud exhibition, 272–3;
Our Mutual Friend
, 275; on MT's coronation tableaux, 278; on fairs, 280; on test-driving Napoleon's carriage, 280; on Tom Thumb, 288; on the Colosseum, 291; celebrity status, 300–1; on Napoleon's relic, 307;
Martin Chuzzlewit
, 308

Diderot, Denis, 21; letter to Voltaire, 13; (with d'Alembert),
Encyclopédie
, 13

Dillon, Henrietta-Lucy
see
Tour du Pin, Madame de La (
née
Henrietta-Lucy Dillon)

dioramas, 262–3

Directory (France), 170; life under, 170–2; dress of the directors, 171

Disraeli, Benjamin: on rich–poor divide, 251

Dover: MT in, 180, 256

dress: deception of, 17–19; second-hand clothes, 17; liberation in, 36; importance of dress for MT's models, 38, 75–6, 78, 121, 133, 171, 222, 269; MT's attention to dress detail, 38, 75, 133, 269; ‘cleaning', 46; MT's memoirs as costume history, 75, 133; change of function, 77; meltdown of metal accessories, 121; sans-culottes, 132–4; and political allegiance, 133–4; MT's doormen's uniforms, 163; multicultural under the Directory, 170–1; Napoleon, 173–4; MT's own, 222;
see also
fashion(s)

Du Barry, Madame (
née
Jeanne Bécu), 15; modelled by Curtius, 15, 80, 152; MT on, 204

Dublin: MT in, 206–7, 209;
see also
Ireland

Ducrow, Andrew (stunt rider), 219, 253

Dugazon, Madame (actress), 129

Dumas, Alexander, the elder, 320

Durham: MT in, 250

 

Eastlake, Sir Charles: portrait of Napoleon, 242

economic disasters: fashions and entertainments based on, 37, 50; fiscal collapse in 1795, 168

Economist, The
, 318

Edgeworth, Maria: on George IV, 245

Edinburgh, 199; French émigrés in, 199, 201; MT in, 199–201, 203, 240; MT's voyage to, 200; opening hours of MT's exhibition, 202; MT's closing of Edinburgh exhibition, 205

Edinburgh Evening Courant
, 199, 201, 204, 205

Edinburgh Review
, 309

education: and entertainment, England, 188, 216, 253, 281, 289, 291, 319; pedagogical function of museums, 2; France, the Church and, 13–14; and MT's exhibition, 165, 185, 204, 223–4, 232, 257, 271–2, 288; and voyeurism, 230

Egyptian Hall, 219, 242, 290–1

Eliott, Grace: on Marie Antoinette, 76; memoir of the French Revolution, 113; on diminishing respect for royal family, 125; on riot at Comédie Italienne, 129; on revolutionary theatre, 154–5

Elizabeth, Madame (sister of Louis XVI), 62; and MT, 61, 62–3; character and appearance, 63; MT on, 65; at Comédie Italienne, 129; execution, 156–7

endorsements: royal, 49, 256–7, 264; MT's, 256–7, 301–2

England, 216–17; influence on French, 83, 84; French Revolution memorabilia, 115; Anglo-French relations, 179, 199, 279; Treaty of Amiens, 179, 198; war with France, 198–9; fear of the crowd, 216, 244; middle classes, 216, 226, 305; inequality, 217; communications, 218; provincial towns, 219; travelling shows, 219–21; national institutions, public relations and, 281–2; changes, 300–1; rise in technological innovation, 300;
see also
London

Enlightenment writers: state control, 35

entertainment: waxworks as, 44–5

entertainment(s): elite and popular, 30–1, 289, 316, 319; hierarchy in Paris, 30; increased interest in light entertainment in Paris, 30, 31–2, 35; Palais-Royal, Paris, 32; based on serious subjects, 37; range in Paris, 40; and war, Paris, 130; under the Directory, 170–1; education and, England, 188, 216, 253, 281, 289, 291, 319; gentrification in England, 216; gentrification of pleasure, England, 216; pictorial, increase in, 262–3; MT's understanding of, 281; and ‘recreation', 318,
see also
fun; commercial
see
commercial entertainment

entrance fees
see
admission fees

Eon, Chevalier d', 18–19

ephemeral interests: culture of impermanence, 5, 23, 124; in celebrities, 24–5, 277–8

Era, The
, 303

escapism, 44–5

Ewing: wax exhibition, 237

execution: Grosholtz family as executioners, 10; capital punishment, 131; memorabilia, 190;
see also
guillotine

exoticism: exhibitions of, 26

 

fairs: Curtius at, 25–7; in hierarchy of entertainment, 30; well-to-do at, 31; Bartholomew Fair, 182, 220; waxworks in, England, 182; suppression in England, 216, 280; Bristol, 253; Hyde Park, Victoria's coronation, 265; Dickens on, 280; disapproval of, 319

fame, famous
see
celebrity

fashion(s): Paris, 15–16, 17; as serious preoccupation in Paris, 37–8; styles inspired by war and economic failures, 37, 50; magazines, 38; backlash in Paris after Revolution, 121–2, 134; patriotism as fashion, France, 121; MT's response to changes, 122; French Revolution and, 133; guillotine influence, 163–4; Directory, 170–1; influence of empress Joséphine, 171; Madame Tussaud's and, 319;
see also
dress; hairdressing; taste

fear of the crowd, 2, 216, 244, 316, 317, 318

fédérés
, 136

Felix Farley's Journal
, 251

Fersen, Axel von, 40, 139

festivals: first Revolutionary, 120–1; MT in preparations for, 120; Festival of the Supreme Being, 159;
see also
rituals

ffarington family: and MT's alleged shipwreck, 248

fiction, popular: rise in Victorian era, 300–1

figurines: mass-produced, 302–3; of murderers, 304

firewood shortages, Paris, 96, 165

Fischer, Paul: portrait of MT, 285,
287
, 294

Fisher, Mr (flautist), 250, 319

flea circuses, 43, 230–1; MT's, 211, 231

Flesselles, Monsieur de: murder, 109–10; wax head, 110–11, 119

flour shortages, Paris, 50, 165

food, Paris, 47–9; fads, 22–3, 48; shortages, 50, 96, 165; and social unrest, 50, 130;
see also
public dining; restaurant(s)

Foulon, Jean-François: murder and decapitation, MT on, 111, 112, 113; wax head, 119

Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine Quentin: public execution, 165–6

France: importance of appearance, 16, 37–8; middle classes, 16, 19–20, 99; state regulation of theatres, 30; national economy, as inspiration for fashion accessories, 37; financial crisis, 97; shifting allegiances, 124–5, 164; invasion of Prussia and Austria, 129–30; war with Prussia and Austria, 129–30, 151; changes during revolution, 130–1; civil war, 151; restrictive measures, 151; Anglo-French relations, 179, 199, 279; English Terror tourism, 179; Treaty of Amiens, 179, 198; war with England, 198–9;
see also
French Revolution; Reign of Terror
see
Terror

Franklin, Benjamin: MT on, 28–9, 52; MT's wax model, 28, 57,
58
; celebrity status, 39; and Curtius, 51, 54, 187; and Patience Wright, 186, 187

Fraser's Magazine
, 318

freaks: human, 26–7, 41–3, 223–4, 229–30

Freeman's Journal
, 209

French Revolution: MT as survivor, 5–6; MT's association with, 92; Curtius exhibition, 93; first incident, 101–3, 105–7; insignia, 102–3; Bastille siege, 106–10; festivals, 120–1, 159; influence on fashion, 121–2; conflicting loyalties, 124–5, 164; Tuileries massacre, 136–7; murder of Princesse de Lamballe, 138–9; house searches, 140; September 1792 killings, 140; corpses,
155
; British interest in, 267;
see also
France

fun: MT's promotion of, 39, 43; Palais-Royal, 82; educational, 86–7, 291; serious, 154; Mrs Salmon's waxworks, 184; of fear, 190–1; and serious entertainments, 312, 318;
see also
entertainment(s); fairs

funerals: wax facsimiles, 236–7

 

generation clashes, Paris, 35

Genlis, Madame de, 114–15, 118

George IV, King of England, 221, 242–3; MT's wax model, 240, 245; Wellington on, 242; profligacy, 243; unpopularity, 244; wife's alleged adultery, 244; coronation, 245–6, 278–9; reputation, MT and, 245, 246; coronation robes acquired by MT, 278

George, Prince of Cambridge: endorsement of MT's Brighton exhibition, 256

Gilded Youth, 163

Gilray, James, 198

Girondins: and Jacobins, 124

Glaciarium, 270

Glasgow: MT's exhibition, 206; New Assembly Hall, 206

Grand Couvert, Le, 73–4; wax replica,
79
, 80, 101, 144, 305; adaptation of wax replica to new circumstances, 171–2

Gray's Inn Road: MT's exhibition, 250, 257

Great Exhibition (1851), 310, 315–18; fear of the crowd, 316, 317, 318; as cultural crossroads, 318

Greville, Sir Charles, 252

grieving by proxy, 236–7

Grimaldi (clown), 219

Grimm, Baron de, 22, 27, 32

Grosholtz, Anna Maria (Madame Tussaud)
see
Tussaud, Madame Marie (
née
Anna Maria Grosholtz)

Grosholtz, Anna Maria (
née
Walter; MT's mother), 10, 157, 163, 172, 176, 203–4, 214; culinary skills, 12, 47, 53

Grosholtz, Joseph (MT's father), 9–10; disfigurement, 9–10

Grosholtz family: as executioners, 10

Guillotin, Joseph-Ignace, 94

guillotine, 95, 131,
131
,
132
; association with MT, 95, 131–2; second, 141; increased business, 155–6; commemorative merchandise, 156; public indifference, 156; model on tour in England, 170; London models, 179–80;
see also
decapitation