Judgement Day (23 page)

Which is <
3.0x10
⁸
m/s.

Put simply, the
Lorentz transforms do not explain the constancy of light.

As explained earlier,
when an object of mass is in motion, space would effectively move
with that object of mass. Let’s consider the effect this moving
space would have on electromagnetic radiation approaching an object
of mass in motion. If the medium that electromagnetic radiation
travels through is space and the space that the electromagnetic
radiation is moving through is in motion, then surely light would
change its velocity depending on the velocity of the space it is
travelling through. This should explain how red/blue shifts work,
the idea is simple, light waves are either “stretched” or
“squashed” due to the motion of space. [Figure 5]

Red/Blue shifts are
one situation in which traditional physics ignores the first law of
thermodynamics, but by this model the first law of thermodynamics
is always obeyed. Although the wavelength of light changes when
red/blue shifts occur, the velocity of light also changes. If
c
_E
=λυ
_E
and the speed of light (c
_E
)
changes due to the motion of space, then the wavelength (λ) would
change proportionally, leaving the frequency (υ
_E
) and
therefore the energy of light constant.

Back to the problem of
a light pulse on a train travelling close to the speed of light,
according to my theory since light travels through moving space,
there is no reason why light cannot travel faster or slower than
3x10
⁸
m/s from the perspective of an outside observer.
According to my theory space is not nothing, space consists of a
theoretical infinite number of planes of what Einstein would call
“space-time” through which all matter and energy must travel. The
important thing is that while light may change velocity depending
on the velocity of space it is travelling through, the outside
observer could never know this. The outside observer could not
actually see the light pulse inside the train, unless that light
was transmitted out through the window of the train and into his
eyes. Once the light left the train to be seen by the outside
observer that light would then be travelling through the space
surrounding the outside observer and no longer travelling through
the space of the fast moving train. The speed of light appears
constant to all observers in all inertial reference frames, but
this does not necessarily mean that the speed of light is always
constant, only that light speed appears constant.

Part 3a: Back to Three
Dimensions

It was Einstein who
proposed the idea of theoretical planes of space warping to create
gravity, and I have extended upon this idea in the preceding
section. However, are planes of space actually necessary? In all of
my diagrams of the warping of space I have used simply lines, or
“strings” if you prefer. Thus we find that rather than a
theoretical infinite number of planes of space we can use a
theoretical infinite number of strings instead for the same result.
We have now stripped away an extra unnecessary dimension and we are
left with a three dimensional picture of gravity, which is much
more satisfactory.

Back to
Contents

Part 3: Black Holes, The Big Bang
And The Super-Universe

Part 3a: Black
Holes

Recall from Part 1c
that it is not the laws of physics which break down within the
Schwarzschild radius, rather it is Einstein’s equations which
collapse, the laws of physics remain the same. The first thing I
would like to talk about is the very existence of singularities.
According to my theory, as gravitational field strength increases
time becomes slower, and when time is slower everything moves less
easily through space. So what would happen to a star as it
collapses to form a black hole? As the star collapses and as the
centre becomes more and more dense, time would slow more and more.
Although theoretically a singularity could become infinitely dense,
in practise time would slow infinitely and it would literally take
forever
for a singularity to become infinitely dense and
infinitely small. I will therefore be calling the mass at the
centre of a black hole a “black star” rather than a
singularity.

Black holes are known
sources of x-rays, in light of my theory there exists the
possibility that these x-rays actually began as gamma-rays created
by the destruction of matter upon entering a black hole. According
to my theory light does not accelerate or decelerate due to gravity
but the momentum of light can be changed causing the light path to
change direction. Therefore if a gamma-ray was created somewhere
within the Schwartschild radius of a black hole and that gamma-ray
was travelling perpendicularly away from the centre of mass of the
black star at the centre, there is no reason that gamma-ray could
not escape with a greatly increased wavelength. However if a
gamma-ray left at a large enough angle with respect to the centre
of mass of the black star, that gamma-ray would have its path bent
sufficiently for it to enter the black star, i.e. it would be
unable to escape the black hole.

The final question
with regards to black holes, is why would x-rays leave black holes
concentrated in jets at the poles? The very simple reason is that
due to the conservation of angular momentum as a black star becomes
smaller and smaller, the rotational velocity of the black star
would be so great as to have its observed mass increase about the
equator, since mass increases with velocity close to light speed by
the Lorentz transforms. Therefore the margin of error for a
gamma-ray to leave a black hole perpendicular to the centre of mass
of a black star would be much smaller about the equator, it would
be much easier for electromagnetic radiation to leave a black star
at the poles, since the observed mass is much less at the
poles.

Part 3b: Einstein and
the Infinite Universe

In the theory of
General Relativity, Einstein confronts the gravitational problems
associated with an infinite universe and presents a solution. In
his words [Reference 6: Section 30]

“If we ponder over the
question as to how the universe, considered as a whole, is to be
regarded, the first answer that suggests itself to us is surely
this: As regards space (and time) the universe is infinite. There
are stars everywhere, so that the density of matter, although very
variable in detail, is nevertheless on the average everywhere the
same.

…

This view is not in
harmony with the theory of Newton. The latter theory rather
requires that the universe should have a kind of centre in which
the density of stars is a maximum, and that as we proceed outwards
from the centre of this group-density of the stars should diminish,
until finally, at great distances, it is succeeded by an infinite
region of emptiness. The stellar universe ought to be a finite
island in the infinite ocean of space.

This conception in
itself is not very satisfactory. It is still less satisfactory
because it leads to the result that the light emitted by the stars
and also individual stars of the stellar system are perpetually
passing out into infinite space, never to return, and without ever
again coming into interaction with other objects of nature. Such a
finite material universe would be destined to become gradually but
systematically impoverished.”

Einstein then proceeds
to describe ‘The Possibility of a “Finite” and yet “Unbounded”
Universe’, essentially a four-dimensional spherical universe
[Reference 6: Section 31], as a solution to the gravitational
problems associated with an infinite universe.

“It follows from what
has been said, that closed spaces without limits are conceivable.
From amongst these, the spherical space (and the elliptical) excels
in its simplicity, since all points on it are equivalent. As a
result of this discussion, a most interesting question arises for
astronomers and physicists, and that is whether the universe in
which we live is infinite, or whether it is finite in the manner of
the spherical universe. Our experience is far from being sufficient
to enable us to answer this question. But the general theory of
relativity permits of our answering it with a moderate degree of
certainty, and in this connection the difficulty mentioned in
Section 30 finds its solution.”

Einstein argues the
case well for an infinite universe, however he understands that
matter could not exist in an infinite universe with an average
density due to the problem of infinite gravity creating
gravitational chaos. Einstein then proposes a solution to the
problem while still keeping the idea of a universe without
boundaries. Einstein suggests that the universe may be a
four-dimensional sphere, such that were we to travel in one
direction long enough we would eventually return to where we had
started. Einstein invented the idea of a finite but unbounded
universe not based on scientific evidence, but based on his belief
that there was no other way. There is another way, I call it the
“super-universe.”

Part 3c: The Big
Bang

In Part 3a I talked
about black holes, let us now consider what would happen if a black
hole was so massive that gamma-rays could not even escape at the
poles. The internal energy of such a massive black star would
surely increase as more matter is destroyed upon approaching the
black star at the centre of the black hole. What happens when
energy is added to a liquid? The internal energy of the liquid
increases until a critical value is reached, the intermolecular
forces binding the liquid together are overcome, and the liquid
evaporates. Could the same thing have happened with the big bang?
The early universe, in the time immediately following the big bang,
was estimated to have a temperature in excess of 10
³⁰
K.
Could this extremely high temperature be an approximate boiling
point of a universe sized black hole?

If this is the case,
and my theory of time and gravity is correct, then the universe
would have initially expanded at a much slower rate due to the
massive gravitational field surrounding it, and as time became
faster the universe would have accelerated in its expansion as the
speed of time increases, similarly to the inflationary early
universe model.

Due to my theory of
gravitational time dilation it is virtually inevitable that the
universe will eventually collapse due to gravity, ending in what is
known as the “big crunch”. This is because, although the universe
accelerates as it expands and gravitational field strength within
the universe decreases, velocity squared increases proportionally
to gravitational acceleration back toward the centre of the
universe. Therefore as mass approaches zero gravitational
acceleration increases at a much greater rate than velocity,
meaning that the universe will almost certainly end in a big
crunch.

The logical conclusion
is that once the universe collapses at the end of its life it will
again form a universe sized black star. This universe sized black
star would again destroy atoms as they approach, the internal
energy of the black star will continue to increase, until finally
boiling point is again reached and the universe begins again. The
energy in the universe is constant, the first law of thermodynamics
is always obeyed.

Part 3d: The
Super-Universe

If space is infinite
but the universe is finite, then surely there must be more of these
“big bang universes” outside of our own. Imagine somehow looking at
a scaled down map of infinite space, on this map of infinite space
our universe wouldn’t even appear, it would be an infinitely small
speck in a vast field of nothingness. No matter how massive
something is, when compared to the infinite it is as nothing.
Einstein addressed the problems of an infinite universe with his
finite but unbounded universe, however there is a simpler
solution.

Imagine that our big
bang universe is not all that there is, imagine if our universe
were nothing more than the equivalent of a star in a bigger
universe, let’s call it “super-universe I”. This super-universe I
would be an unfathomably massive universe containing not merely
galaxies and stars and planets, but containing entire systems of
big bang universes and universe sized black stars. Now imagine that
super-universe I also undergoes a similar cycle of boiling,
expansion, contraction and boiling again just like our own big bang
universe. Think again about our scaled down map of infinite space,
no matter how massive this super-universe I is it is still as
nothing when compared to the infinite. As super-massive as this
super-universe I is it still would not appear on our map of
infinite space. Now imagine that this super-universe I was nothing
more than the equivalent of a star in a bigger universe, let’s call
it “super-universe II”. This super-universe II contains not merely
systems of galaxies, and stars and planets, nor does it merely
contain systems of big bang universes and universe sized black
stars, but this super-universe II contains entire systems of
super-universe I’s. This super-universe II also undergoes cycles of
boiling, expansion, contraction and boiling again.